Ekspresi Gen CYP6ER1 pada Populasi Nilaparvata lugens Stål setelah Paparan Imidakloprid dan Resistensinya terhadap Nitenpiram, Dinotefuran, dan Fipronil
Aswindu Mukti Kurnia W., Prof. Ir. Y. Andi Trisyono, M.Sc., Ph.D.; Prof. Dr. Ir. Aziz Purwantoro, M.Sc.; Alan Soffan, S.P., M.Sc., Ph.D.
2025 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian
Wereng batang
cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens) merupakan salah satu hama pencucuk
penghisap tanaman padi penting di Indonesia. Gen P450s CYP6ER1 dilaporkan
berkontribusi terhadap resistensi imidakloprid pada N. lugens.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui level ekspresi gen CYP6ER1 pada tahap
hidup larva (instar 1, 5), imago jantan dan imago betina, pada dua
konsentrasi (350 dan 1.050 ppm) pada empat waktu papar (24, 48, 72, 96 jam
setelah perlakuan) imidakloprid. N. lugens yang berasal dari
populasi Kecamatan Pringsewu, Kabupaten Pringsewu, Provinsi Lampung diseleksi
imidakloprid sebanyak dua kali (Psw2) dengan rasio resistensi 3,7 kali dan enam
kali (Psw6) sebesar 5,4 kali. Hasil reverse transcription quantitative PCR
(RT-qPCR) diketahui peningkatan ekspresi gen CYP6ER1 pada Psw2 dan Psw6 instar
satu yang dipapar imidakloprid pada instar 3 generasi sebelumnya. Pola ekspresi
pada stadia berbeda menunjukkan kebutuhan metabolisme yang berbeda. Peningkatan
ekspresi gen CYP6ER1 terjadi secara cepat mulai dari 24 jam pertama dan
meningkat hingga 96 jam setelah papar, selaras dengan peningkatan konsentrasi
papar. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa seleksi dengan imidakloprid dapat
menyeleksi individu N. lugens yang lebih peka, sehingga
terjadi peningkatan rasio resistensi dan ekspresi gen CYP6ER1. Informasi
terkait pola ekspresi dari gen CYP6ER1 berpotensi digunakan sebagai diagnosa
cepat resistensi yang bermanfaat dalam strategi pengelolaan laju resistensi
imidakloprid. Sementara
itu status resistensi imidakloprid dan ekspresi gen CYP6ER1 pada N.
lugens di Jawa bervariasi. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di Jawa Timur
(Kab. Malang, Kab. Ngawi, dan Kab. Ponorogo), Jawa Tengah (Kab. Klaten dan Kab.
Purworejo) dan Jawa Barat (Kab. Cirebon) pada saat outbreak dan
tidak outbreak. Pengujian menggunakan F1 menghasilkan rasio
resistensi (RR) yang beragam 1,0–6,9 kali dibandingkan populasi paling peka.
Ekspresi relatif gen CYP6ER1 0,15–6,32 kali, tidak selalu sebanding dengan
rasio resistensi imidakloprid. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa di lapangan banyak
hal yang berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan resistensi imidakloprid. Hasil
penelitian ini bermanfaat sebagai upaya pemantauan perkembangan resistensi
imidakloprid. Di Indonesia sendiri terbagi menjadi tiga haplotipe, namun
tidak spesifik mengelompokkan populasi Jawa dan Sumatra dalam haplotipe yang
sama. Populasi Indonesia khususnya Jawa dan Sumatra memiliki keragaman
haplotipe (Hd) sebesar 0,573 dan nucleotide diversity (phi) sebesar 0,00174.
Hal ini mengindikasikan kemungkinan terjadinya migrasi antara populasi Jawa dan
Sumatra, demikian pula populasi resisten antar wilayah. Dua
populasi lapangan berasal dari Kabupaten Pringsewu, Provinsi Lampung dan
Lendah, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang
diseleksi dengan imidakloprid sebanyak delapan generasi dan populasi
laboratorium sebagai kontrol. Seleksi dengan insektisida imidakloprid
menyebabkan pertambahan LC50 secara berkala. Populasi Pringsewu
sebelum diseleksi memiliki LC50 361,87 ppm menjadi 1.321,10 ppm setelah delapan kali
seleksi. Sementara populasi Lendah sebelum diseleksi memiliki LC50 225,95 ppm menjadi 1.116,94 ppm
setelah delapan kali seleksi. Populasi Pringsewu dan Lendah setelah seleksi
imidakloprid memiliki resistance ratio (RR)
sebesar 6,48 dan 5,48 kali dibandingkan dengan populasi
laboratorium. Populasi Pringsewu setelah seleksi tidak menunjukkan potensi
resistensi silang terhadap nitenpiram (1,35 kali), dinotefuran (0,03 kali) dan
fipronil (1,42 kali). Sementara itu populasi Lendah setelah seleksi menunjukkan
potensi resistensi silang terhadap nitenpiram (7,76 kali) dan fipronil (4,12
kali) namun tidak terhadap dinotefuran (0,01 kali). Dinotefuran berpotensi
digunakan dalam pengendalian N. lugens resisten
imidakloprid. Penelitian ini penting dalam manajemen resistensi
insektisida di Indonesia.
The brown plathopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the important phloem-feeding pests of rice in Indonesia. The cytochrome P450 gene CYP6ER1 has been implicated in imidacloprid resistance. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of the CYP6ER1 gene at different developmental stages (1st and 5th instars, male, and female adults) under two imidacloprid concentrations (350 and 1.050 ppm) and four exposure durations (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-treatment). N. lugens population from Pringsewu subdistrict, Lampung Province, was selected for imidacloprid resistance twice (Psw2; resistance ratio (RR) = 3,7-fold) and six times (Psw6; resistance ratio = 5,4-fold). Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed increased CYP6ER1 expression in Psw2 and Psw6 1st instar that were exposed to imidacloprid in the previous 3rd instar generation. Expression patterns varied across developmental stages, suggesting differences in metabolic activity. CYP6ER1 expression increased rapidly within the first 24 hours and continued up-regulated up to 96 hours, in line with the increasing exposure concentration. These results indicate that imidacloprid selection enhances resistance levels and CYP6ER1 expression. Monitoring CYP6ER1 expression patterns may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for the early detection of imidacloprid resistance, thereby supporting more effective resistance management strategies. Meanwhile, the status of imidacloprid resistance and CYP6ER1 gene expression in N. lugens in Java was varied. Sampling was conducted in East Java (Malang Regency, Ngawi Regency, and Ponorogo Regency), Central Java (Klaten Regency and Purworejo Regency), and West Java (Cirebon Regency) during both outbreak and non-outbreak periods. Bioassay using F1 field populations RR ranging from 1,0 to 6,9-fold compared to the most sensitive population. The relative expression of the CYP6ER1 gene ranged from 0,15 to 6,32 times, and was not always proportional to the imidacloprid resistance ratio. This suggests that numerous factors in the field contribute to the development of imidacloprid resistance. The results of this study support the monitoring of resistance and the development of effective strategies to manage and delay imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens. In Indonesia, three haplotypes were identified, but the populations from Java and Sumatra were not grouped into the same haplotype. The Indonesian population, particularly from Java and Sumatra, showed a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.573 and nucleotide diversity (phi) of 0.00174. These findings suggest possible migration between the Java and Sumatra populations, as well as the presence of resistant populations across regions. Two field populations were collected from Pringsewu District, Lampung Province, and Lendah, Kulon Progo District, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. These populations were selected with imidacloprid over eight generations, while a laboratory population served as the control. Selection with imidacloprid resulted in a gradual increase in LC50 values. The LC50 of the Pringsewu population increased from 361,87 ppm before selection to 1.321,10 ppm after eight generations. Similarly, the Lendah population's LC50 increased from 225,95 ppm to 1.116,94 ppm after eight selection cycles. After selection, the resistance ratios (RR) of the Pringsewu and Lendah populations were 6,48 and 5,48-fold higher, respectively, compared to the laboratory population. The selected Pringsewu population showed no cross-resistance to nitenpyram (RR = 1,35-fold), dinotefuran (RR = 0,03-fold), or fipronil (RR = 1,42-fold). In contrast, the selected Lendah population exhibited potential cross-resistance to nitenpyram (RR = 7,76-fold) and fipronil (RR = 4,12-fold), but not to dinotefuran (RR = 0,01-fold). These results indicate that dinotefuran may be an alternative for controlling imidacloprid-resistant N. lugens. This study provides important insights for insecticide resistance management strategies in Indonesia.
Kata Kunci : cross-resistance, metabolic resistance, neonicotinoid, planthopper, selection