State Building Afghanistan oleh Amerika Serikat :: Latar belakang dan prospeknya berdasarkan analisa perbandingan kasus-kasus State Building Amerika Serikat dalam sejarah

NUGROHO, Pratomo Adi, Dra. Siti Mutiah Setyawati, MA

2004 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik

Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan: untuk meneliti alasan dibalik state building Afghanistan oleh AS dan memprediksi prospeknya berdasarkan tiga faktor: keamanan, masyarakat madani dan demokratisasi. Dua hipotesa yang diajukan yaitu: (1) alasan dibalik state building di Afghanistan adalah perubahan rezim untuk alasan keamanan dan (2) state building akan gagal di negara dimana keamanan belum terkendali, memberikan peran terlalu besar pada pemimpin militer dalam pemerintahan dan tidak memiliki sejarah berdemokrasi. Temuan-temuan membuktikan bahwa AS melakukan state building untuk melakukan perubahan rezim dari rezim Taliban yang anti AS menjadi rezim pro AS. Buktinya termasuk dukungan AS pada Hamid Karzai dan pemberantasan sisa-sisa Taliban di negara itu. Untuk prospeknya, temuan dari berbagai kasus (Jerman, Jepang, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia dan Kosovo) membuktikan bahwa jika keamanan tidak terkendali, state building akan gagal. Selain itu, terbukti bahwa pemimpin sipil lebih berkomitmen terhadap demokrasi dan membentuk pemerintahan yang lebih stabil dibandingkan pemimpin militer. Akhirnya, walaupun sejarah berdemokrasi bukan faktor penting (terbukti dari negara-negara seperti Jepang) keberhasilan demokratisasi sangat penting. Setelah menganalisa kasus-kasus tersebut, state building di Afghanistan tampaknya akan mengalami kegagalan

The aims of this research are twofold: to determine the reasons behind the US state building efforts in Afghanistan and to predict its prospects based on three factors: security, civil society and democratization. The hypotheses put forward are (1) that the reason behind US state building in Afghanistan is to bring about regime change to achieve US security and (2) that state building will fail in countries where security has not been restored, gives too much power to military leaders in government and has no prior history of democracy. The findings prove that US actions during state building were aimed at bringing about regime change from the Taliban regime which was hostile to US interests to a pro American government. Evidence includes US policies of supporting Hamid Karzai as President as well as the eradication of Taliban remnants in the country. As for the prospects, the findings from several case studies (Japan, Germany, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia and Kosovo) prove that if security is not restored, state building will fail. Evidence also shows that civilian leaders are more committed to democracy and form stabler governments than military leaders. Finally, although prior history of democracy is not an important determinant of success, (as proven by countries like Japan) success of democratization is vital. After analyzing these cases, state building in Afghanistan appears destined to fail.

Kata Kunci : Politik,State Building Amerika Serikat, Rezim Taliban, Regime Change, Security, Civil Society, Democratization