Konflik dan kekerasan di Bali :: Peristiwa "Buleleng Berdarah"

ASTAWA, Si Ngurah Made Arya, Dr. Purwo Santoso, MA

2004 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik

Penelitian ini mengkaji permasalahan konflik dan kekerasan yang terjadi antar massa pendukung PDI Perjuangan dengan massa pendukung Partai Golkar, menjelang Pemilu 2004 di Kabupaten Buleleng. Dalam kajian tersebut hendak diketahui faktorfaktor penyebab peristiwa “Buleleng Berdarah”. Untuk memaparkan peristiwa “Buleleng Berdarah” secara obyektif, maka penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan datanya diperoleh dengan observasi lapangan, dokumentasi pustaka serta wawancara dengan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam peristiwa “Buleleng Berdarah”, pihak-pihak yang mengetahui dan memahami kejadian serta pihak-pihak yang memiliki kedekatan dengan lokasi kejadian yaitu masyarakat, para pelaku dan korban, tokoh parpol, pejabat pemerintah daerah, polisi, anggota dewan, anggota parpol, dan tokoh masyarakat/tokoh adat. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa peristiwa “Buleleng Berdarah” disebabkan oleh akar konflik dan pemicu. Pertama, akar konflik meliputi kondisi struktural, kondisi kultural dan perilaku. Kondisi struktural yaitu (1) konteks ekonomi dimana Bali, khususnya masyarakat Buleleng telah menjadi sangat sensitif semenjak ditimpa krisis ekonomi dengan membengkaknya jumlah pegangguran. Kondisi ini diperparah lagi ketika meletusnya “Bom” di Legian Kuta, Bali. (2) Konteks Regulasi yaitu aturan main kampanye pemilu yang belum jelas. (3) Konteks Politik yaitu : keberadaan posko partai politik yang tidak jelas fungsinya dan minimnya komunikasi politik yang dilakukan oleh elit parpol. Kondisi kultural yaitu (1) stereotif karakter yaitu masyarakat Buleleng yang terkenal keras, cepat naik pitam. (2) Konteks historis yaitu dendam masa lalu, peristiwa “Buleleng Berdarah” adalah problema yang telah mengendap atau berakumulasi selama puluhan tahun. Perilaku yaitu aktifitas di lapangan dalam “Buleleng Berdarah” menunjukkan bahwa adanya amuk massa atau tindakan kekerasan yang dilakukan secara beramai-ramai atau “briuk siu”. Seperti kematian, Putu Negara dan Ketut Agustana, yang dikenal sebagai kader Partai Golkar. Kedua, pemicu yaitu (1) pemasangan atribut partai khususnya bendera yang provokatif, (2) adanya kegiatan parpol baik antara Partai Golkar dan PDI Perjuangan yang hampir bersamaan serta (3) adanya aksi saling melempari antara massa pendukung parpol ketika melaksanakan kegiatan partai dan (4) adanya konflik antar elit lokal Berdasarkan kesimpulan di atas, maka pada kesempatan ini peneliti memberikan beberapa saran yaitu pertama, agar konflik tidak muncul lagi, maka faktorfaktor penyebabnya tidak boleh memiliki ruang untuk berkembang. Meski demikian, upaya untuk mengantisipasi hal serupa agar tidak terjadi lagi tentu harus terus dilakukan. Ada banyak upaya yang bisa ditempuh dan semuanya tentu memerlukan itikad kuat agar keinginan menekan kekerasan politik bisa terwujud dalam realitas kehidupan politik manusia-manusia Bali di masa datang. Kedua, masyarakat Buleleng harus mengembangkan strategi penanggulangan konflik dan kekerasan secara holistik dan berjangka panjang, untuk menghadapi konflik yang manifest dan yang laten. Dengan sangat memperhatikan pendekatan kultural di samping pendekatan rasional pragmatis yang mengedepankan penegakan hukum dan pendekatan represif. Organisasi sosial dan politik lokal diharapkan mampu menjadi mediasi-mediasi dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi dalam masyarakat.

This research explaining the main reason that raised the conflict interest and physical violence between the supporters of PDI Perjuangan party and Golkar party In Buleleng region-Bali prior to the National President’s election integrasi year 2004. In this research , will be examined the most important factors that influence and affect people to take a part integrasi what we known as “Buleleng Tragedy”. To bring this research be abjective, the researcher using descriptif kualitatif analytical where the data get collected from direct observation, media and other written references, interviewing the people concern that emotionally and physically involved, many people from various sectors and position such as : public society, the victims them self, the attacker, important politician, government officers and executive board member. The research found out that “Buleleng Tragedy” occurred because of the accumulative of : source conflict and the starter/the attacker. First, source conflict includes : structural condition, cultural condition and behaviour. Structural conditions including : (1) Economic situations : In Bali, especially in Buleleng region, a lot of people become very sensitive since the economic crisis occurred in 1997. This unhandled situations even become worse when the tragic Bali bomb blast at Legian happened in year 2002. (2) Regulation view : in time where the election campaign program has no definite roles model and not applied simultaneously in most area. (3) Political view : in wich we can find easily a lot of politician guardian post (that was build voluntiery by supporter of PDI Perjuangan) that has no certain and clear objective and function. Lack of the communication from Elite party also influence. Cultural conditions contains : (1) Stereotif characteristic (i.e. Buleleng people popular among Balinese society as temperamental, emotionally and anger persons). (2) Historical view : many of Buleleng people still has a bad filling to another political party use the momentum of un well organized situation become their hint to rebel. Behavior : the people tend to react on something very aggressively when they got the strong back up from big supporters especially when they knew that in most cases that involved mass, law can not reach them all. The assassination of Putu Negara and Ketut Agustana was one of the examples on how the people reacting to much of blind fanaticism for certain party. Second, the starter caused by several factors such as : (1) the provocative assignment of certain political party’s flag in public area and public services. (2) The organization’s activity of both party (PDI Perjuangan and Golkar party) that was held at the same time (even at the different place) since the supporter will ross each other on the way to the spot. (3) Both supporters made a direct body contact by throwing stones to each other. (4) conflict between elite local Based on the above conclusions, searcher will use this opportunity to give some suggestions to minimize (if possible) to ornit the distractions between both parties: First, all aspects/factors that might arise (even a small conflict) must be avoided and to close the possibilities for violence. To make this happen in reality, will need a real and pro-active efforts from everybody. A lot of opportunity lies if we really want to build peaceful and create a peace surroundings. Second, Buleleng’s people (especially) must improve the strategy to avoid distractions among their community people and solve the problem as soon as recognize. The smaller the case can be handled properly, the faster they can create a peaceful environment. Believed that this is not an instant things that can happen but it’s indeed need everybody to actively involved. By giving more attention to cultural approach besides using a pragmatic rational approach (which priorities to apply law enforcement consistently), also has to use the repressive approach. The social organization and local politician from political party must do their best to mediate and accommodate the feedback from their fanatic supporters. Any single problem or mis-understanding must be fully taking care by their head management and well brief till the grass root mass.

Kata Kunci : Politik,Konflik dan Kekerasan,Massa PDI dan Golkar, Conflict, violence, source conflict, the starter