Kajian Pengelolaan Sampah Berbasis Masyarakat Melalui Program Bank Sampah dan Relevansinya dengan Penerapan Ekonomi Sirkular di Kota Yogyakarta

Amalia Nurrahma Dwi Farrasy, Dr. Agus Joko Pitoyo, S.Si., M.A. ;

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Lingkungan

Kota Yogyakarta dikenal sebagai kota pariwisata, kota pelajar, kota budaya, dan kota historis dengan tingginya tingkat urbanisasi yang semakin menambah kompleksitas aktivitas manusia di dalamnya. Fenomena tersebut membawa dampak pada perubahan jenis, komposisi, dan jumlah timbulan sampah di Kota Yogyakarta. Permasalahan sampah mencapai puncaknya ketika terjadi fenomena ”Jogja Darurat Sampah” yang ditandai oleh penutupan TPA Regional Piyungan diikuti kebijakan desentralisasi pengelolaan sampah pada setiap kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Dengan demikian, Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta mempertegas upaya pengelolaan sampah mandiri yang melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat melalui berbagai program, khususnya bank sampah.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1)mengetahui praktik pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat melalui program bank sampah di Kota Yogyakarta; (2)mengkaji relevansi pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat melalui bank sampah terhadap penerapan ekonomi sirkular di Kota Yogyakarta; dan (3)merumuskan strategi pengembangan pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat melalui bank sampah untuk mendukung kebijakan ekonomi sirkular di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode campuran (mixed method) yakni penelitian kuantitatif disertai kualitatif melalui metode survei. Teknik pengolahan data dilakukan terhadap data primer dan data sekunder dengan melibatkan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) pada unit analisis bank sampah terhadap sejumlah 115 sampel bank sampah yang dipilih menggunakan teknik proportionate stratified random sampling dengan pertimbangan pengkelasan bank sampah berdasarkan karakteristik dan tingkat perkembangannya.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberlangsungan bank sampah di Kota Yogyakarta melibatkan kelembagaan pengelolaan sampah tingkat wilayah yang terintegrasi dan didorong oleh partisipasi masyarakat. Penerapan ekonomi sirkular pada bank sampah direpresentasikan melalui penerapan konsep 5R (reduce, reuse, recycle, refurbish, dan renew) dalam pengelolaan sampah. Setiap bank sampah, baik pada kelas pembina, inovatif, reguler, pembinaan, dan baru memiliki pilihan prioritas strategi pengelolaan sampah meliputi beberapa faktor penting secara berurutan yakni faktor ekonomi, tata kelola, fisik, lingkungan, dan sosial. Secara spesifik, setiap faktor memuat beberapa sub-faktor pembentuk yang relevan.

Yogyakarta City is known as a tourism city, student city, cultural city, and historical city with a high level of urbanization that increasingly adds to the complexity of human activities in it. This phenomenon has an impact on changes in the type, composition, and amount of waste generated in Yogyakarta City. The waste problem reached its peak when the "Jogja Waste Emergency" phenomenon occurred, which was marked by the closure of the Piyungan Regional TPA followed by a policy of decentralizing waste management in each district/city in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Thus, the Yogyakarta City Government emphasized independent waste management efforts that involved community participation through various programs, especially waste banks.

This study aims to: (1) determine the practice of community-based waste management through the waste bank program in Yogyakarta City; (2) examine the relevance of community-based waste management through waste banks to the implementation of a circular economy in Yogyakarta City; and (3) formulate a strategy for developing community-based waste management through waste banks to support the circular economy policy in Yogyakarta City. The study was conducted using a mixed method, namely quantitative research accompanied by qualitative research through the survey method. Data processing techniques were carried out on primary and secondary data by involving the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method on the waste bank analysis unit of 115 waste bank samples selected using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique with consideration of waste bank classification based on characteristics and level of development.

The results of the study indicate that the sustainability of waste banks in the city of Yogyakarta involves integrated regional waste management institutions and is driven by community participation. The implementation of a circular economy to waste banks is represented through the application of the 5R concept (reduce, reuse, recycle, refurbish, and renew) in waste management. Each waste bank, whether in the foster, innovative, regular, foster, and new classes, has a choice of priority waste management strategies covering several important factors in sequence, namely economic, governance, physical, environmental, and social factors. Specifically, each factor contains several relevant sub-factors.

Kata Kunci : Bank Sampah, Ekonomi Sirkular, Strategi Pengelolaan Sampah