Identifikasi Faktor Risiko Kekerasan Seksual terhadap Perempuan di Indonesia: Analisis Data Survei Pengalaman Hidup Perempuan Nasional (SPHPN) 2021

Veriana Indah Citraningtyas, dr. Ifta Choiriyyah, MSPH, Ph.D

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang: Kekerasan seksual merupakan masalah serius yang berdampak luas pada kesehatan fisik, mental, dan reproduksi korban. Di Indonesia, penelitian mengenai faktor risiko kekerasan seksual berdasarkan data SPHPN 2021 masih terbatas.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan analisis data Survei Pengalaman Hidup Perempuan Nasional (SPHPN) 2021 yang melibatkan 12.141 perempuan usia 15–64 tahun di Indonesia. Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik sampel dan prevalensi kekerasan seksual. Hubungan antara kekerasan seksual dan faktor risiko dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik multivariat untuk menghitung adjusted odds ratio (AOR) dengan 95% CI.

Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kekerasan seksual terhadap perempuan di Indonesia berdasarkan data SPHPN 2021.

Hasil: Prevalensi kekerasan seksual oleh non-pasangan (Non-IPV) tercatat sebesar 2,4%, sedangkan kekerasan pasangan intim (IPV) sebesar 27,6%. Faktor risiko signifikan untuk kekerasan seksual Non-IPV adalah usia muda 15–19 tahun (AOR=6,36; 95% CI: 4,07–9,94), status ekonomi sangat kaya (AOR=1,46; 95% CI: 1,03–2,06), agama Katolik (AOR=1,66; 95% CI: 1,17–2,34), serta pengalaman kekerasan sebelumnya (AOR=3,97; 95% CI: 3,12–5,04). Untuk IPV, faktor risiko signifikan meliputi usia 15–19 tahun (AOR=11,80; 95% CI: 8,04–17,30), pendidikan rendah (AOR=1,39; 95% CI: 1,17–1,65), pengalaman kekerasan sebelumnya (AOR=5,71; 95% CI: 5,08–6,41), serta sikap patriarki yang tinggi (AOR=1,26; 95% CI: 1,12–1,41). Variabel lingkungan seperti tinggal di wilayah urban dan kohesi lingkungan rendah juga terkait dengan peningkatan risiko.

Kesimpulan: Kekerasan seksual terhadap perempuan di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh faktor individu, hubungan, dan komunitas. Usia muda, status ekonomi, pengalaman kekerasan sebelumnya, dan sikap patriarki merupakan faktor risiko utama. Hasil ini dapat menjadi dasar penguatan program pencegahan kekerasan seksual melalui intervensi lintas sektor dan kebijakan berbasis data di Indonesia.

Background: Sexual violence is a serious public health issue with significant impacts on women’s physical, mental, and reproductive health. In Indonesia, evidence based on nationally representative data regarding risk factors for sexual violence remains limited.

Objective: This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with sexual violence against women in Indonesia using the 2021 National Women’s Life Experience Survey (SPHPN) data.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was applied using data from 12,141 Indonesian women aged 15–64 years from the 2021 SPHPN. Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe sample characteristics and the prevalence of sexual violence. Associations between sexual violence and potential risk factors were assessed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: The prevalence of non-partner sexual violence (Non-IPV) was 2.4%, while intimate partner violence (IPV) was 27.6%. Significant risk factors for Non-IPV included young age (15–19 years) (AOR=6.36; 95% CI: 4.07–9.94), very high economic status (AOR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.03–2.06), Catholic religion (AOR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.17–2.34), and a history of prior violence (AOR=3.97; 95% CI: 3.12–5.04). For IPV, significant risk factors included young age (15–19 years) (AOR=11.80; 95% CI: 8.04–17.30), low educational attainment (AOR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.17–1.65), prior experience of violence (AOR=5.71; 95% CI: 5.08–6.41), and high patriarchal attitudes (AOR=1.26; 95% CI: 1.12–1.41). Community-level factors, including urban residence and low neighborhood cohesion, were also associated with increased risk.

Conclusion: Sexual violence against women in Indonesia is influenced by individual, relational, and community factors. Young age, economic status, prior violence experiences, and patriarchal attitudes are key risk factors. These findings provide essential evidence for strengthening sexual violence prevention programs through multisectoral interventions and data-driven policy development in Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Kekerasan seksual, faktor risiko, SPHPN 2021, kesehatan reproduksi, Indonesia