Penilaian Risiko Kesehatan Keberadaan Logam Berat di Sungai Code Yogyakarta

Maya Wijayani Purba, Dr. Daniel, M.Sc; Dr. Annisa Utami rauf, S.Pd

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar belakang: Pencemaran logam berat di ekosistem sungai perkotaan merupakan ancaman serius bagi kesehatan masyarakat karena sifatnya yang toksik, persisten, dan mampu terakumulasi dalam rantai makanan. Sungai Code di Yogyakarta, yang melintasi wilayah dengan kepadatan permukiman dan aktivitas industri, berpotensi menjadi lokasi yang berisiko terhadap akumulasi logam berat.

Tujuan: Menilai konsentrasi logam berat (Pb, Cd, Cr) di media lingkungan dan biota, serta mengevaluasi risiko kesehatan dan persepsi masyarakat akibat konsumsi ikan lele (Clarias spp.) yang terpapar logam berat dari ekosistem sungai perkotaan.

Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel air, sedimen, dan ikan dianalisis menggunakan ICP-OES untuk mengukur konsentrasi Pb, Cd, dan Cr. Penilaian risiko kesehatan dengan pendekatan ARKL secara deterministik dan dilengkapi simulasi Monte Carlo untuk menangkap variabilitas eksposur. Persepsi risiko diukur dari 385 responden melalui survei pengetahuan, sikap, dan kesediaan bertindak.

Hasil: Pb tidak terdeteksi di air dan ikan, namun ditemukan dalam sedimen. Cd terdeteksi dalam kadar rendah di air dan sedimen, sementara Cr terdeteksi di seluruh media, dengan konsentrasi di air melebihi baku mutu (rata-rata 0,10 mg/l). Penilaian risiko menunjukkan RQ<1>Monte Carlo mengungkap risiko lebih tinggi pada laki-laki, kelompok dewasa, dan konsumen ikan ukuran besar. Survei persepsi risiko menunjukkan 75,8% responden berpengetahuan tinggi, namun hanya 52,2?rsikap positif dan 54,5?rsedia bertindak.

Kesimpulan: Risiko kesehatan umumnya dapat diterima, namun simulasi Monte Carlo mengidentifikasi subkelompok berisiko tinggi. Kesenjangan antara pengetahuan dan tindakan masyarakat menegaskan perlunya integrasi pendekatan toksikologis dan sosial dalam strategi mitigasi berbasis komunitas.

 

Kata kunci: ikan lele; logam berat; risiko kesehatan; sungai perkotaan; Monte Carlo

Background: Heavy metal contamination in urban river ecosystems poses a serious threat to public health due to its toxic, persistent nature and ability to accumulate in the food chain. The Code River in Yogyakarta, which flows through densely populated and industrial areas, is potentially at risk for heavy metal accumulation.

Objective: To assess the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr) in environmental media and biota, and to evaluate the health risks and public perception due to consumption of catfish (Clarias spp.) exposed to heavy metals from an urban river ecosystem.

Methods: Analytical observational study with cross sectional design. Water, sediment, and fish samples were analyzed using ICP-OES to measure Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations. Health risk assessment was conducted using the deterministic Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach, supplemented by Monte Carlo simulation to capture variability of exposure. Risk perception was measured in 385 purposively selected respondents through a structured survey covering knowledge, attitude, and willingness to act.

Results: Pb was not detected in water and fish, but was present in sediment. Cd was found at low levels in both water and sediment, while Cr was detected in all media, with concentrations in water exceeding quality standards (mean: 0.10 mg/l). Risk assessment indicated RQ < 1>

Conclusion: Overall, health risks were generally acceptable, but Monte Carlo simulation identified high-risk subgroups. The gap between public knowledge and behavioral response underscores the need to integrate toxicological and social approaches into community-based mitigation strategies.

Keywords: catfish; heavy metals; health risk; urban river; monte carlo

Kata Kunci : ikan lele; logam berat, risiko kesehatan, sungai perkotaan, Monte Carlo