Escherichia coli O157:H7 merupakan mikroorganisme patogen zoonosis yang dapat menimbulkan infeksi serius pada manusia. Penularan dari hewan ke manusia akibat kontaminasi produk asal hewan terutama susu pernah dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghitung cemaran Escherichia coli khususnya O157:H7, mengidentifikasi resistansi terhadap antibiotik dan gen penyandi resistansinya serta menganalisis faktor risikonya pada peternakan sapi perah di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini melibatkan 106 peternakan dengan sampel susu berasal dari 450 sapi perah, 106 sampel tanah, 106 sampel swab lantai kandang dan 106 sampel swab tangan pemerah. Isolasi dan identifikasi menggunakan media MacConkey, uji biokimia dengan media Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate (IMVic), identifikasi O157 dengan media Sorbitol MacConkey, identifikasi O157:H7 dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan target gen Stx1, Stx2. Pengujian resistansi terhadap antibiotik Amoksisilin, Streptomisin, Oksitetrasiklin, Tetrasiklin dan Sulfametoksazol-Trimethoprim menggunakan metode Kirby Bauer dilanjutkan identifikasi gen resistan dengan target gen strA, tetA dan sul2. Data faktor risiko dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan wawancara pada peternak yang dianalisis secara deskriptif statistik dan regresi logistik menggunakan SPSS. Prevalensi E. coli pada tingkat peternakan sebesar 67,92?n pada tingkat ternak sebesar 20,89%. Prevalensi E. coli O157:H7 pada tingkat peternakan sebesar 4,71?n pada tingkat ternak sebesar 1.11%. Tingkat resistensi E. coli dari susu sebesar 30,9%, tanah 47,1%, kandang 18,2?n tangan 40%, sedangkan tingkat resistansi E. coli O157:H7 sebesar 20?ri isolat susu. Resistansi E. coli terjadi pada Amoksisilin, Oksitetrasiklin, Streptomisin dan Sulfametoksazol-Trimetoprim sedangkan isolat E. coli O157:H7 resisten pada Sulfametoksazol-Trimetoprim. Gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik (gen tetA, gen strA, gen sul2) dideteksi pada E. coli, namun tidak ditemukan gen penyandi resisten antibiotik pada 3 gen di atas pada isolat E. coli O157:H7 yang diperoleh. Identifikasi faktor risiko cemaran E. coli menunjukkan bahwa kondisi kandang dan pengelolaan limbah yang buruk serta riwayat mastitis dan diare meningkatkan probabilitas peluang terjadinya cemaran E. coli sedangkan pemberian dosis antibiotik yang tidak sesuai meningkatkan probabilitas terjadinya resistansi antibiotik. Tidak dapat dilakukan analisis faktor risiko terhadap E. coli O157:H7. Analisis pola sebaran E. coli dengan metode Average Nearest Neighbor memiliki pola mengumpul (clustered) sedangkan pola E. coli O157:H7 dan resistensi antibiotik memiliki pola menyebar (dispersed). Analisis dengan metode Standar Deviational Ellips dari sampel susu dan lantai kandang yang tercemar E. coli menunjukkan tingkat risiko penyebaran kontaminasi yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan sebaran vertikal pada sampel tangan pemerah dan tanah menunjukkan arah dominan aliran dengan memperhatikan penanganan sanitasi yang lebih baik.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause serious infections in humans. Transmission from animals to humans due to contamination of animal products, especially milk, has been reported. The purpose of this study was to calculate the contamination of Escherichia coli, particularly O157:H7, identify antibiotic resistance and resistance genes, and analyze risk factors in dairy farms in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study involved 106 farms with milk samples from 450 dairy cows, 106 soil samples, 106 barn floor swab samples, and 106 hand swab samples from milkers. Isolation and identification were performed using MacConkey medium, biochemical testing with Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate (IMVic) media, identification of O157 with Sorbitol MacConkey medium, and identification of O157:H7 with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting the Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Antibiotic resistance testing for Amoxicillin, Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim was performed using the Kirby Bauer method, followed by identification of resistance genes targeting the strA, tetA, and sul2 genes. Risk factor data were collected through observation and interviews with farmers, which were analyzed descriptively and logistically using SPSS. The prevalence of E. coli at the farm level was 67.92% and at the livestock level was 20.89%. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 at the farm level was 4.71% and at the livestock level was 1.11%. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 at the farm level was 4.71% and at the livestock level was 1.11%. The resistance rate of E. coli from milk is 30.9%, soil 47.1%, barn 18.2%, and hands 40%, while the resistance rate of E. coli O157:H7 is 20% from milk isolates. E. coli resistance occurred in Amoxicillin, Oxytetracycline, Streptomycin, and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, while E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim. Antibiotic resistance genes (tetA, strA, sul2) were detected in E. coli, but no antibiotic resistance genes were found in the above three genes in the E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained. Identification of E. coli contamination risk factors showed that poor housing conditions and waste management, as well as a history of mastitis and diarrhea, increased the probability of E. coli contamination, while inappropriate antibiotic dosing increased the probability of antibiotic resistance. Risk factor analysis for E. coli O157:H7 could not be performed. Analysis of E. coli distribution patterns using the Average Nearest Neighbor method showed a clustered pattern, while E. coli O157:H and antibiotic resistance patterns showed a dispersed pattern. Analysis using the Standard Deviational Ellips method of milk samples and barn floors contaminated with E. coli showed a higher risk of contamination spread, while vertical spread in hand samples and soil samples showed a dominant flow direction that needs to be addressed with better sanitation management.
Kata Kunci : Escherichia coli O157:H7, faktor risiko, resistansi antibiotik, sapi perah
