Perception of Animal Welfare among One Health Stakeholders and Their Relevant Practices in Tomohon City

Marverio Robert Alexander Pangkey, Prof. Dr. dr. Mubasysyir Hasan Basri, MA ; Bayu Satria Wiratama, S.Ked, MPH, Ph.D, FRSPH

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang: Pendekatan One Health menekankan keterikatan antara kesehatan manusia, hewan, dan lingkungan. Namun Penerapan One Health di Indonesia masih terbatas khususnya di wilayah seperti Kota Tomohon, Sulawesi Utara di mana praktik budaya seperti konsumsi dan perlakuan buruk terhadap hewan peliharaan masih terjadi. Perilaku ini tidak hanya menekan kesejahteraan hewan, tetapi juga meningkatkan risiko kesehatan masyarakat, terutama melalui penularan penyakit zoonosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai dan mendeskripsikan pengetahuan, sikap, dan praktik (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices / KAP) terkait One Health dan One Welfare di kalangan pemangku kepentingan terhadap kesehatan di Kota Tomohon, Selain itu penelitian ini mengidentifikasi hambatan kontekstual dan faktor pendukung yang memengaruhi penerapan praktis One Health.

Metode: Menggunakan desain metode campuran (mixed-methods) dengan pendekatan explanatory sequential design sebanyak 85 responden mengisi angket terstruktur, diikuti dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap 11 tenaga kesehatan terpilih yang menjadi representatif tiap tempat kerja. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik, sedangkan data kualitatif dianalisis melalui analisis tematik.

Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunujukan tingkat pengetahuan (88,2%) dan sikap positif (91,8%) terhadap One Health yang tingi. Namun profesi merupakan satu-satunya faktor signifikan yang berhubungan dengan praktik One Welfare, di mana pekerjaan non-praktik cenderung lebih rendah dalam melakukan tindakan terkait kesejahteraan hewan (aOR = 0,20; 95% CI: 0,05-0,74). Tahap kualitatif mengungkapkan adanya kekerasan terhadap hewan yang berkelanjutan, normalisasi budaya atas kekejaman, prosedur pelaporan yang tidak jelas, dan rendahnya keterlibatan publik. Meski demikian tenaga kesehatan menunjukan pemahaman konseptual yang kuat dan keterbukaan terhadap kolaborasi lintas sektor.

Kesimpulan: Meskipun tingkat kesadaran tingkat kesadaran tinggi, integrasi praktis kesejahteraan hewan masih terbatas. Peningkatan edukasi, koordinasi kelembagaan, dan intervensi berbasis budaya diperlukan untuk meningkatkan hasil One Welfare dan mengurangi risiko kesehatan.

Background: The One Health approach highlights the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. In Indonesia, however it's application remains limited, particularly in regions like Tomohon City, North Sulawesi, where cultural practices such as the consumption and mistreatment of companion animals persist. These behaviors not only compromise animal welfare but also elevate public health risks, particularly through zoonotic disease transmission. This study aimed to assess and describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to One Health and One Welfare among stakeholders related with health in Tomohon. It also identified contextual barriers and enabling factors that influence the practical implementation of One Health.

Method: Using a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, 85 respondents completed a structured questionnaire, followed by in-depth interviews with 11 selected health professionals. Qualitative data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. 

Result: Findings revealed high levels of knowledge (88.2%) and positive attitudes (91.8%) regarding One Health. However, profession was the only significant factor associated with One Welfare practices, with non-clinical workers less likely to engage in welfare related actions (aOR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05-0.74). The qualitative phase highlighted persistent animal abuse, cultural normalization of cruelty, unclear reporting procedures, and low public engagement. Nonetheless, health professionals expressed strong conceptual understanding and openness toward cross-sectoral collaboration.

Conclusion: In conclusion, while awareness is high, practical integration of animal welfare remains limited. Strengthened education, institutional coordination, and culturally informed interventions are necessary to improve One Welfare outcomes and reduce health risks. 

Kata Kunci : One Health, Animal Welfare, Health Programs, Zoonotic Disease, Health Stakeholders