The Development of an Integration Model for Public Transportation in Indonesia: Air, Rail, and Urban Public Transport Integrated Services in Serving Airplane Passengers

Danny Setiawan, Prof. Ir. Sigit Priyanto, M.Sc., Ph.D.

2025 | Disertasi | S3 Teknik Sipil

Sistem konektivitas dan integrasi antarmoda di Indonesia dalam melayani penumpang pesawat masih belum optimal. Penelitian ini mengkaji pertanyaan-pertanyaan mendasar terkait pengembangan transportasi umum terintegrasi serta indikasi penerapan lanjutan di Indonesia, yaitu: (1) sejauh mana ketersediaan layanan transportasi umum terintegrasi di Indonesia? (2) berapa nilai integrated public transport index (IPTI) di Indonesia? (3) apa saja variabel yang memengaruhi preferensi penumpang pesawat terhadap kemauan serta determinan psikologis untuk menggunakan transportasi umum terintegrasi? (4) Strategi apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan layanan transportasi umum terintegrasi?

Data primer diperoleh melalui observasi lapangan yang dilakukan pada periode November 2023 hingga Februari 2024. Data primer juga dikumpulkan melalui survei terhadap 1.050 responden penumpang pesawat dari enam kota yang telah memiliki layanan air-rail integrated services (ARIS) di Indonesia, serta 10 pakar dari kalangan akademisi, pemerintah, profesional, dan operator transportasi. Sementara itu, data sekunder diperoleh dari studi literatur yang relevan, termasuk laporan tahunan operator transportasi dan regulasi pemerintah. Untuk mendukung temuan dalam menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, data dianalisis menggunakan beberapa pendekatan metode, yaitu analytical hierarchy process, stated preference, ordered probability model, theory of planned behavior, dan optimization.

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kondisi terkini dari transportasi umum terintegrasi di Indonesia dengan fokus pada tiga dimensi utama: integrasi fisik, operasional, dan institusional. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun integrasi fisik yang ditandai dengan kedekatan dan kemudahan berjalan kaki dalam perpindahan moda telah berkembang cukup baik, integrasi operasional dan institusional masih terbatas, dengan kemajuan yang signifikan baru terlihat di Jakarta. Penelitian ini memperkenalkan IPTI sebagai alat untuk menilai kualitas integrasi, dan menekankan pentingnya perluasan integrasi layanan hingga mencakup maskapai penerbangan, kereta bandara, dan transportasi umum perkotaan. Penumpang pesawat menilai kualitas layanan secara menyeluruh, dukungan sosial, dan dukungan regulasi sebagai faktor utama yang memengaruhi adopsi mereka terhadap transportasi umum terintegrasi.

The intermodal connectivity and integration systems in Indonesia for serving airplane passengers have yet to be optimal. This study investigates fundamental questions related to the development of integrated public transport and an indication of further application in Indonesia: (1) to what extent is integrated public transit available? (2) how much is the Indonesian integrated public transport index (IPTI) worth? (3) what are the variables that influence airplane passengers’ preferences in their willingness and psychological determinants of intention to use integrated public transport? (4) what is the strategy for optimizing integrated public transport service?

The primary data was obtained from field observation, which was done in the period from November 2023 to February 2024. Primary data for the research is based on a survey of 1050 respondents of airplane passengers from six cities that have air-rail integrated services in Indonesia and 10 experts from academics, government, professionals, and transportation operators. Secondary data was based on the related literature studies, including annual reports of transport operators and government regulations. To support the findings in answering research questions, the data is explored by using the analytical hierarchy process, stated preference, ordered probability model, theory of planned behavior, and optimization methods.

This study evaluates the current state of integrated public transportation in Indonesia, focusing on three primary dimensions: physical, operational, and institutional integration. The findings show that while physical integration, characterized by the proximity and walkability of modal transfers, is relatively well developed, operational and institutional integration remains limited, with notable progress seen only in Jakarta. The study introduces the IPTI as a tool for assessing integration quality and highlights the importance of extending service integration to airlines, airport trains, and urban public transport. Airplane passengers value comprehensive service quality, social encouragement, and regulatory support as key factors influencing their adoption of integrated transport. 

Kata Kunci : air-rail integrated services (ARIS), connectivity, integrated public transport, stated preference, travel behavior