Pengaruh H2O2 terhadap Recovery Logam dari Black Mass Baterai Bekas NMC Melalui Proses Leaching dalam Larutan Campuran H2SO4 dan Na2SO4

Villina Nindy Putri, Prof. Ir Indra Perdana, S.T., M.T., Ph.D ; Prof. Dr. Ir Aswati Mindaryani, M.Sc. IPU

2025 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Kimia

Pertumbuhan kendaraan listrik (EV) dan perangkat elektronik portabel meningkatkan permintaan baterai LIB NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) yang memiliki kepadatan energi tinggi dan umur pakai panjang. Peningkatan penggunaan ini diperkirakan menghasilkan 11 juta ton limbah baterai bekas pada 2030, yang menimbulkan masalah lingkungan dan keterbatasan pasokan logam strategis (Li, Ni, Mn, Co). Proses hidrometalurgi berbasis leaching menjadi metode daur ulang yang menjanjikan, namun penerapannya menghadapi kendala teknis seperti konsumsi air tinggi dan pengaruh residu Na?SO? serta H?O? terhadap efisiensi leaching. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh konsentrasi H?O? dan Na?SO? terhadap efisiensi leaching logam Li, Ni, Mn, dan Co dari black mass baterai bekas NMC. Proses dilakukan menggunakan H?SO? 1,8 M dengan variasi H?O? (1; 2; 3%), Na?SO? (0,08; 0,17; 0,33 M), dan suhu (40; 60; 80 °C) selama 30 menit. Rasio padatan terhadap larutan dijaga sebesar 120 g/L dengan kecepatan pengadukan 500 rpm. Karakterisasi awal black mass dan hasil filtrat dianalisis menggunakan ICPuntuk menentukan kandungan logam dan tingkat recovery. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa black mass mengandung Li, Ni, Mn, dan Co berturut-turut sebesar 10,30%; 41,08%; 22,28%; dan 15,47%. Kondisi optimum leaching dicapai pada H?O? 3%, Na?SO? 0,08 M, dan suhu 80 °C dengan recovery maksimum masing-masing logam sebesar 93,74%; 88,15%; 91,52%; dan 91,43%. Pemodelan kinetika menggunakan pendekatan Shrinking Particle Model (SPM) mengindikasikan bahwa tahap pengendali adalah reaksi kimia.

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronic devices has significantly increased the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly those with Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) cathodes, which offer high energy density and long cycle life. However, the rising utilization of these batteries is projected to generate approximately 11 million tons of spent LIB waste by 2030, posing serious environmental challenges as well as constraints in the supply of critical metals (Li, Ni, Mn, Co). Hydrometallurgical processes based on leaching have emerged as a promising recycling method; nevertheless, their application still faces technical challenges, including high water consumption and the influence of Na?SO? and H?O? residues on leaching efficiency.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of H?O? and Na?SO? concentrations on the leaching efficiency of Li, Ni, Mn, and Co from the black mass of spent NMC batteries. The leaching process was conducted using 1.8 M H?SO? with variations in H?O? (1, 2, and 3%), Na?SO? (0.08, 0.17, and 0.33 M), and temperature (40, 60, and 80 °C) for 30 minutes. The solid-to-liquid ratio was maintained at 120 g/L, with a stirring speed of 500 rpm. The initial characterization of the black mass and the filtrate was performed using ICP-OES to determine the elemental composition and recovery efficiency.

The results revealed that the black mass contained Li, Ni, Mn, and Co at 10.30%, 41.08%, 22.28%, and 15.47%, respectively. The optimum leaching condition was achieved with 3% H?O?, 0.08 M Na?SO?, and 80 °C, resulting in maximum recoveries of 93.74% for Li, 88.15% for Ni, 91.52% for Mn, and 91.43% for Co. Kinetic modeling using the Shrinking Particle Model (SPM) indicated that the rate-controlling step of the leaching process is governed by surface chemical reaction.

Kata Kunci : Kata kunci: Baterai NMC bekas ; daur ulang; hidrometalurgi; hidrogen peroksida; natrium sulfat; asam sulfat