Sintesis W/ZSM-5, W/H-mordenit, dan W/Karbon Aktif Dengan Metode Spray Sebagai Katalis Konversi Refined Palm Kernel Oil (RPKO) Menjadi Bioavtur
Aditya Tyasnatama, Prof. Dra. Wega Trisunaryanti, M.S., Ph.D. Eng.; Prof. Dr.rer.nat Karna Wijaya, M.Eng
2025 | Skripsi | KIMIA
The escalating environmental impact of the aviation sector, driven by rising consumption of fossil-based Aviation Turbine Fuel (Avtur), necessitates the development of sustainable, drop-in alternative fuels. This research investigates the catalytic conversion of Refined Palm Kernel Oil (RPKO), a feedstock rich in C12-C14 fatty acids, into Bioavtur via hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). The study presents a comparative analysis of three distinct bifunctional catalysts synthesized by impregnating 5% weight wolfram (W) onto ZSM-5 zeolite (Z), H-mordenite zeolite (M), and Activated Carbon (CA) supports. The catalysts, prepared via a spray method dry impregnation followed by calcination and reduction, were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and evaluated in a semi-batch reactor system. Product liquids were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine conversion efficacy and selectivity towards the C8-C16 jet fuel fraction.
The results reveal a profound dependence of catalytic performance on the physicochemical properties of the support material. The W/Z catalyst demonstrated superior performance, yielding the most desirable product slate, which included a diverse mixture of paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics (PIONA), with the highest degree of deoxygenation. This success is attributed to an optimal synergy between the metallic function of the dsispersed W sites and the moderate acidity and shape-selective micropores of the ZSM-5 support, which collectively facilitate a sequential cascade of HDO, cracking, and isomerization reactions. In stark contrast, the W/M catalyst exhibited catastrophic failure, with the product comprising over 40% unconverted fatty acids. This is ascribed to the support's excessive acidity, which triggered rapid catalyst deactivation via extensive coke formation, passivating both metallic and acidic active sites. The W/CA catalyst, with its non-acidic support, served as a crucial control, demonstrating that while W is active for deoxygenation, it is inefficient at subsequent hydrogenation and incapable of the skeletal rearrangements necessary for producing high-quality jet fuel, resulting in a product dominated by linear olefins.
This study concludes that a balanced bifunctional architecture, as exemplified by the W/Z system, is imperative for the effective conversion of RPKO into on-specification Bioavtur. The properties of the support material specifically its acidity and pore structure are not merely passive but are the primary determinants of reaction pathways, product selectivity, and catalyst stability.
Kata Kunci : Bioavtur, ZSM-5, H-mordenit, Karbon aktif, Hidrodeoksigenasi, Wolfram, RPKO.