Kebebasan Perempuan dalam Narasi Motherhood Mandate di Masyarakat Patriarki Perspektif Etika Ambiguitas Simone de Beauvoir

Eka Erlinovita, Sri Yulita Pramulia Panani, S.Fil., M.Phil; Dr. Septiana Dwiputri Maharani, S.S., M.Hum

2025 | Skripsi | ILMU FILSAFAT

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh ketegangan antara kebebasan eksistensial perempuan dan konstruksi sosial yang menempatkan peran keibuan sebagai kodrat perempuan. Konstruksi ini termanifestasi dalam motherhood mandate, yaitu norma patriarkal yang menuntut perempuan menemukan identitas, nilai, dan makna hidup melalui peran sebagai ibu. Motherhood tidak lagi dipandang sebagai pilihan, melainkan sebagai kewajiban moral. Perempuan yang memilih untuk tidak memiliki anak sering kali di stigmatisasi sebagai egois, tidak normal, dan melawan kodrat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implikasi moral dari tekanan sosial terhadap perempuan yang tidak mengikuti norma keibuan, serta menganalisisnya melalui kerangka etika ambiguitas Simone de Beauvoir.

Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. Penelitian ini mengangkat model masalah faktual sebagai fokus kajian. Metode hermeneutika digunakan untuk menafsirkan data kepustakaan yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Sumber data diperoleh dari berbagai literatur, termasuk buku, jurnal nasional dan internasional, serta sumber terpercaya dari internet. Dalam analisis data, penelitian ini menerapkan unsur-unsur metodis berupa deskripsi, interpretasi, pendekatan holistik, dan refleksi kritis guna memperoleh pemahaman yang mendalam dan menyeluruh terhadap permasalahan yang dikaji.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dua hal utama. Pertama, motherhood mandate merupakan bentuk pengekangan terhadap kebebasan perempuan, yang melahirkan problem moral dalam konteks hak memilih identitas hidup dan otonomi tubuh perempuan. Kedua, etika ambiguitas Beauvoir memberikan landasan moral untuk mengakui perempuan sebagai subjek otonom. Keputusan untuk menjadi dan tidak menjadi ibu harus dilihat sebagai pilihan autentik, bukan penyimpangan. Oleh karena itu, kebermaknaan hidup perempuan perlu dipahami secara lebih inklusif, melampaui dikotomi ibu dan bukan ibu.

Kata kunci: Etika Ambiguitas; Kebebasan Perempuan; Motherhood Mandate; Kebebasan Autentik 

This study is grounded in the tension between women's existential freedom and the social construction that defines motherhood as a woman’s natural destiny. This construction is embodied in the motherhood mandate, a patriarchal norm that requires women to find identity, value, and meaning in life through the role of being a mother. In this context, motherhood is no longer regarded as a choice but as a moral obligation. Women who choose not to have children are often stigmatized as selfish, abnormal, and unnatural. The aim of this research is to describe the moral implications of social pressure on women who do not conform to motherhood norms and to analyze these implications through Simone de Beauvoir’s ethics of ambiguity.

This research uses a qualitative-descriptive method with a literature study approach. It adopts a factual problem model as the main focus of inquiry. The hermeneutic method is employed to interpret relevant literature related to the research topic. Data sources are obtained from various literatures, including books, national and international journals, as well as credible online sources. In analyzing the data, this study applies methodological elements such as description, interpretation, holistic approach, and critical reflection in order to achieve a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the issue under investigation.

The findings reveal two key points. First, the motherhood mandate restricts women’s bodily autonomy and freedom, raising moral concerns regarding the right to choose one's identity. Second, Beauvoir’s ethics of ambiguity provides a moral framework that recognizes women as autonomous subjects. The decision to become or not to become a mother should be considered an authentic choice. Therefore, the meaning of a woman’s life must be understood more inclusively, beyond the dichotomy of mother and non-mother.

Keywords: This study is grounded in the tension between women's existential freedom and the social construction that defines motherhood as a woman’s natural destiny. This construction is embodied in the motherhood mandate, a patriarchal norm that requires women to find identity, value, and meaning in life through the role of being a mother. In this context, motherhood is no longer regarded as a choice but as a moral obligation. Women who choose not to have children are often stigmatized as selfish, abnormal, and unnatural. The aim of this research is to describe the moral implications of social pressure on women who do not conform to motherhood norms and to analyze these implications through Simone de Beauvoir’s ethics of ambiguity.

This research uses a qualitative-descriptive method with a literature study approach. It adopts a factual problem model as the main focus of inquiry. The hermeneutic method is employed to interpret relevant literature related to the research topic. Data sources are obtained from various literatures, including books, national and international journals, as well as credible online sources. In analyzing the data, this study applies methodological elements such as description, interpretation, holistic approach, and critical reflection in order to achieve a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the issue under investigation.

The findings reveal two key points. First, the motherhood mandate restricts women’s bodily autonomy and freedom, raising moral concerns regarding the right to choose one's identity. Second, Beauvoir’s ethics of ambiguity provides a moral framework that recognizes women as autonomous subjects. The decision to become or not to become a mother should be considered an authentic choice. Therefore, the meaning of a woman’s life must be understood more inclusively, beyond the dichotomy of mother and non-mother.

Keywords: Ethics of Ambiguity; Women’s Freedom; Motherhood Mandate; Authentic Freedom

Kata Kunci : Ethics of Ambiguity; Women’s Freedom; Motherhood Mandate; Authentic Freedom