Pengembangan Makroalga Tropis sebagai Antiparasit Alami untuk Ternak Ruminansia

Awistaros Angger Sakti, Prof. Dr. Ir. Kustantinah, DEA., IPU.; Prof. Ir. Bambang Suwignyo, S.Pt., M.P., Ph.D., IPM., ASEAN Eng.; Prof. Ahmad Sofyan, S.Pt., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2025 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Parasit saluran cerna ruminansia, cacing lambung Haemonchus contortus dan protozoa usus Eimeria sp., menyebabkan kehilangan nutrien, anemia, infeksi, penurunan produktivitas hingga kematian. Parasit diketahui resisten terhadap antiparasit sintetis yang umum digunakan, sehingga perlu ditemukan alternatif antiparasit berbasis senyawa metabolit yang lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan. Makroalga mengandung metabolit sekunder dengan berbagai fungsi biologi, termasuk antiparasit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi komposisi kimia, aktivitas in vitro antiparasit, dan in vivo antiparasit berbagai makroalga tropis melawan parasit saluran cerna domba. Tahap I dilakukan bioprospeksi makroalga hijau (Chaetomorpha spp. dan Ulva spp.), coklat (Sargassum spp. dan Padina spp.), dan merah (Gracilaria spp. dan Acanthopora spp.) serta optimasi preparasinya. Tahap II dilakukan karakterisasi aktivitas in vitro antiparasit dari enam ekstrak pada beberapa dosis melawan H. contortus. Tahap III dilakukan karakterisasi aktivitas in vivo antiparasit dari ekstrak terpilih C. vieillardii pada domba dengan dosis 10 dan 20 mg ekstrak/kg bobot badan ternak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa enam spesies mempunyai komposisi kimia beragam, dengan kadar mineral yang tinggi, serta mengandung flavonoid, fenol, florotanin, dan saponin. Ekstrak C. vieillardii dan Sargassum duplicatum level 2-6 mg/mL mampu menurunkan motilitas H. contortus (P<0>A. spicifera mampu menurunkan motilitas H. contortus (P<0>in vivo ekstrak C. vieillardii menunjukkan level 20 mg ekstrak/kg bobot badan domba mampu menurunkan prevalensi H. contortus dan Eimeria sp. berturut-turut hingga 98,11?n 87,49% (P<0>C. vieillardii, S. duplicatum, dan A. spicifera berpotensi sebagai antiparasit alami melawan parasit ruminansia. Lebih spesifik, ekstrak C. vieillardii berpotensi memperbaiki profil hematologi, konsumsi, kecernaan, produktivitas domba, dan efektif menurunkan prevalensi parasit saluran cerna.

Gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants, Haemonchus contortus (a stomach nematode) and Eimeria spp. (intestinal protozoa), cause nutrient loss, anemia, infections, reduced productivity, and death. Resistance to commonly used synthetic antiparasitic has been increasingly reported, highlighting the need for more effective and sustainable alternatives based on bioactive metabolites. Macroalgae are known to contain diverse secondary metabolites with various biological functions, including antiparasitic. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition, in vitro, and in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of various tropical macroalgae against parasites in sheep. In Phase I, a bioprospecting and preparation optimization was conducted on green (Chaetomorpha spp. and Ulva spp.), brown (Sargassum spp. and Padina spp.), and red (Gracilaria spp. and Acanthopora spp.) macroalgae. Phase II, characterization of in vitro antiparasitic activity of six extracts at various doses. In Phase III, in vivo was carried out using selected extract (Chaetomorpha vieillardii) at 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight in sheep. Results showed that the six macroalgal species had diverse chemical profiles, with high mineral content and the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, phlorotannins, and saponins. Extracts of C. vieillardii and Sargassum duplicatum at 2–6 mg/mL significantly reduced H. contortus motility and inhibited egg hatching by over 72% and 87%, respectively (P<0>Acanthophora spicifera extract significantly reduced motility and inhibited egg hatching by over 85% (P<0>In vivo administration of C. vieillardii extract at 20 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the prevalence of H. contortus and Eimeria spp. by 98.11% and 87.49%, respectively (P<0>C. vieillardii, S. duplicatum, and A. spicifera show promising potential as natural antiparasitic for ruminants. Specifically, C. vieillardii may enhance hematological profiles, nutrient intake, digestibility, and productivity, and effectively reduce gastrointestinal parasite prevalence.

Kata Kunci : Antiparasit, Chaetomorpha vieillardii, Haemonchus contortus, Makroalga, Ruminansia