Delimitasi Batas Maritim Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina di Laut Sulawesi Menggunakan Metode Pendekatan Tiga Tahap

Salzabila Enzal Putri, Ir. I Made Andi Arsana, S.T., M.E., Ph.D.

2025 | Skripsi | TEKNIK GEODESI

Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan bertetangga dengan sepuluh negara lainnya. Di Kawasan Laut Sulawesi, Indonesia bertetangga dengan Malaysia dan Filipina. Dalam konteks batas maritim, hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya area tumpang tindih baik hak maritim maupun klaim sepihak atas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif karena jarak antar garis pangkal ketiga negara tidak melebihi 400 mil laut sesuai aturan UNCLOS 1982. Area tumpang tindih tersebut memerlukan adanya delimitasi batas ZEE dan penentuan trijunction point dari ketiga negara. Garis batas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) yang telah disepakati hanya terdapat antara Indonesia dan Filipina. Garis batas ZEE antara Indonesia dan Malaysia serta antara Malaysia dan Filipina belum disepakati. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung luas hak atas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) dan area tumpang tindih ketiga negara, melakukan opsi delimitasi batas maritim, menentukan kemungkinan lokasi trijunction point, serta mengevaluasi tingkat keadilan hasil delimitasi melalui uji disproporsionalitas.

Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi Peta BAC nomor 4507, Peta NKRI 2017, titik-titik pangkal Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina, serta peta klaim Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) dari ketiga negara tersebut. Berdasarkan data tersebut, garis batas yang belum disepakati dikaji dengan metode delimitasi batas maritim menggunakan Pendekatan Tiga Tahap. Pendekatan ini terdiri dari tiga langkah utama, yaitu: (1) penarikan garis batas sementara, (2) modifikasi garis batas berdasarkan faktor relevan seperti konfigurasi garis pantai, keberadaan pulau kecil terluar, dan karakteristik area sengketa, selanjutnya dilakukan penentuan trijunction point, yaitu titik temu dari tiga segmen garis batas ZEE antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina, serta (3) uji disproporsionalitas untuk memastikan hasil yang seimbang berdasarkan panjang garis pantai dan luas ZEE yang diterima masing-masing negara.

            Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Filipina memiliki luas hak ZEE paling besar. Namun, jika dihitung berdasarkan area relevan, Indonesia tetap memperoleh luas ZEE terbesar dibandingkan dua negara lainnya. Area tumpang tindih terluas terjadi apabila Malaysia menggunakan garis pangkal normal. Dari seluruh opsi delimitasi yang dilakukan, Opsi II menghasilkan konfigurasi batas yang paling adil dan seimbang, dengan lokasi trijunction point yang paling dapat diterima secara teknis maupun yuridis. Selain itu, rasio hasil uji disproporsionalitas pada Opsi II menunjukkan tingkat proporsionalitas tertinggi dan paling sesuai dengan prinsip keadilan dalam delimitasi maritim.          

, Indonesia neighbors Malaysia and the Philippines. In the context of maritime boundaries, this is due to the existence of overlapping areas of both maritime rights and unilateral claims over the Exclusive Economic Zone because the distance between the base lines of the three countries does not exceed 400 nautical miles according to the 1982 UNCLOS rules. The overlapping area requires the delimitation of the EEZ boundary and the determination of the trijunction point of the three countries. The only agreed Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary line is between Indonesia and the Philippines. The EEZ boundaries between Indonesia and Malaysia and between Malaysia and the Philippines have not yet been agreed upon. Based on these issues, this study aims to calculate the extent of rights to the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the overlapping areas of the three countries, conduct maritime boundary delimitation options, determine the possible location of the trijunction point, and evaluate the level of fairness of the delimitation results through the disproportionality test.

The data used in this research include BAC Map No. 4507, NKRI Map 2017, the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, as well as the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claim maps of the three countries. Based on this data, the unresolved boundary lines were analyzed using the Three-Step Approach for maritime boundary delimitation. This approach consists of three main steps: (1) drawing a provisional boundary line, (2) modifying the boundary line based on relevant factors such as coastal line configuration, the presence of outer islands, and characteristics of the disputed area, followed by determining the trijunction point, which is the meeting point of the three segments of the EEZ boundary lines between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, and (3) a disproportion test to ensure a balanced outcome based on the length of the coastline and the area of the EEZ accepted by each country.

The results of the research show that the Philippines has the largest EEZ area. However, when calculated based on relevant areas, Indonesia still has the largest EEZ area compared to the other two countries. The largest overlapping area occurs when Malaysia uses the normal baseline. Among all the delimitation options considered, Option II produces the most equitable and balanced boundary configuration, with the most technically and legally acceptable location for the trijunction point. Additionally, the ratio of the disproportionality test results for Option II shows the highest level of proportionality and is most consistent with the principle of fairness in maritime delimitation. 

Kata Kunci : Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Delimitasi, UNCLOS 1982, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE), Pendekatan Tiga Tahap, Laut Sulawesi, Trjunction Point