PENGARUH GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID DALAM PAKAN RENDAH PROTEIN TERHADAP EKSPRESI GEN NEUROPEPTIDERGIC, PRODUKTIVITAS, DAN TINGKAH LAKU BROILER

Randi, Dr. Ir. Muhsin Al Anas, S.Pt., IPP; Prof. Dr. Ir. Chusnul Hanim, M.Si., IPM., ASEAN Eng

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Peternakan

Pakan rendah protein kasar (PK) dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pakan dan mengurangi emisi amonia, namun berpotensi menurunkan produktivitas broiler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeveluasi penambahan (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid/GABA) dalam pakan rendah protein terhadap produktivitas, kualitas karkas, aktivitas enzim kualitas litter, ekspresi gen neuropeptidergic serta tingkah laku broiler. Sebanyak 360 ekor broiler jantan Ross 308 digunakan dalam rancangan faktorial dengan dua level PK (19,5?n 18,0%) dan tiga level GABA (0, 100, dan 200 mg/kg). Setiap perlakuan terdiri dari enam ulangan dengan 10 ekor per ulangan. Perlakuan pakan diberikan pada umur 21-34 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan PK 1,5% tidak berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas broiler dan karakteristik karkas. Namun terjadi peningkatan berat lemak abdominal pada PK 18% sehingga terjadi interaksi PKxGABA. Selanjutnya penambahan GABA juga tidak berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas dan karakteristik karkas. Karakteristik litter menurun pada PK 18%. Sedangkan penambahan GABA tidak berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik litter. Aktivitas enzim amilase meningkat dan aktivitas enzim protease menurun pada PK 18%. Sedangkan penambahan GABA tidak berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas enzim amilase dan protease. Ekspresi gen oreksigenik menurun dan anoreksigenik meningkat pada PK 18%. Sedangkan faktor GABA meningkatkan ekspresi gen oreksigenik dan menurunkan ekspresi gen anoreksigenik. Ekspresi gen pro inflamasi TNF-? meningkat dan ekspresi gen anti inflamasi IL 10 menurun pada PK 18%. Sedangkan faktor GABA menurunkan ekspresi gen pro inflamasi TNF-? dan meningkatkan ekspresi gen anti inflamasi IL 10. Ekspresi gen tight junction ZO-1 dan JAM 2 menurun pada PK 18%. Sedangkan faktor GABA meningkatkan ekspresi gen tight junction. Terdapat interaksi PKxGABA pada ekspresi gen oreksigenik, anoreksigenik, inflamasi dan tight junction. Tingkah laku konsumtif menurun dan tingkah laku istirahat meningkat pada PK 18%. Sedangkan faktor GABA meningkatkan tingkah laku konsumtif dan menurunkan tingkah laku istirahat. Terdapat interaksi PKxGABA pada tingkah laku broiler. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah penurunan PK 1,5% tidak mempunyai pengaruh negatif pada produktivitas, karkas, enzim, dan litter, tetapi menurunkan ekspresi oreksigenik, tight junction dan anti inflamasi. Sedangkan GABA dalam pakan rendah protein meningkatkan ekspresi gen oreksigenik dan menjaga kesehatan usus serta mencegah penurunan produktivitas dan berpengaruh terhadap tingkah laku broiler.

Low crude protein (CP) diets can improve feed efficiency and reduce ammonia emissions but may impair broiler productivity. This study evaluated the effects of GABA supplementation in low-protein diets on productivity, carcass quality, activity enzym, litter characteristics, neuropeptidergic gene expression, and broiler behaviour. A total of 360 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a factorial experiment with two levels of dietary CP (19.5% and 18.0%) and three levels of GABA (0, 100, and 200 mg/kg). Each treatment consisted of six replicates, with 10 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were provided from day 21 to day 34 of age. The results showed that a 1.5% reduction in CP had no significant effect on broiler productivity or carcass traits. However, it increased abdominal fat weight and resulted in a significant CP × GABA interaction. GABA supplementation alone did not significantly affect productivity or carcass traits. Litter quality decreased with the 18% CP diet, while GABA did not affect litter characteristics. Amylase activity increased, and protease activity decreased with the 18% CP diet. GABA supplementation had no significant effect on enzyme amylase and protease activity. Orexigenic gene expression was reduced, and anorexigenic gene expression increased in birds fed the 18% CP diet, whereas GABA increased orexigenic gene expression and decreased anorexigenic gene expression. Pro-inflammatory gene TNF-? expression increased, and anti-inflammatory gene IL-10 expression decreased in the 18% CP group, while GABA had the opposite effect. Tight junction gene [removed]ZO-1 and JAM-2) was downregulated in the 18% CP group but was upregulated by GABA supplementation. Significant CP × GABA interactions were observed for orexigenic, anorexigenic, inflammatory, and tight junction gene expression. Consumptive behaviours decreased while resting behaviours increased with the 18% CP diet. GABA increased consumptive behaviours and decreased resting behaviours, with significant CP × GABA interactions observed for behavioural parameters. In conclusion, a 1.5?crease in CP had no negative effect on productivity, carcass, enzym, and litter, but decreased expression of orexigenic, tight junction and anti-inflammatory genes. On the other hand, GABA in low-protein diets increased the expression of orexigenic genes and maintained intestinal health, preventing a decrease in productivity and affecting broiler behavior.

Kata Kunci : broiler, pakan rendah protein, GABA, tingkah laku