Evolusi dan Filogenetik Elang Jawa Nisaetus bartelsi (Stresemann, 1924) Menggunakan Pendekatan Multilokus

Almas Lathifatul Ula, Dr. Dwi Sendi Priyono, S.Si., M.Si.

2025 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Elang jawa, atau Nisaetus bartelsi (Stresemann, 1924), merupakan satwa endemik pulau Jawa yang terancam punah. Sebagai upaya konservasi terhadap satwa tersebut, perlu dilakukan konstruksi filogenetik untuk mengetahui kekerabatan serta riwayat evolusinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kekerabatan elang jawa dengan anggota genus Nisaetus lain, serta mengetahui resolusi pohon filogenetik pada subfamili Aquilinae yang dikonstruksi menggunakan 5 marker DNA mitokondrial, yakni COI, Cyt-b, ND2, ND4, dan ND5. Penelitian ini menggunakan data genetik dari sampel darah N. bartelsi, serta data genetik dari subfamili Aquilinae lain yang diunduh dari GenBank sebagai pembanding. Konstruksi pohon filogenetik dilakukan dengan menggunakan model pohon filogenetik Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum-Likelihood (ML), serta Bayesian Inference (BI). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa genus Nisaetus konsisten membentuk klad monofiletik pada setiap marker dan model pohon filogenetik. Akan tetapi, hubungan antarspesies dalam genus Nisaetus kurang konsisten. Pada marker COI (NJ, BI), Cyt-b (NJ, BI), ND4 (NJ, ML, BI), serta ND5 (NJ, ML, BI), diketahui bahwa kerabat terdekat N. bartelsi adalah N. alboniger. Sementara pada marker COI (ML) dan ND2 (NJ, ML, BI), diketahui bahwa kerabat terdekat N. bartelsi adalah N. nipalensis. Selain itu, ND2 memiliki nilai tertinggi dalam persentase variable sites (37,7), parsimony-informative sites (22,7), serta genetic distance antar spesies dalam genus Nisaetus (0,043 untuk N. bartelsi-N. alboniger dan 0,050 untuk N. bartelsi-N. nipalensis). Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan analisis delimitasi spesies menggunakan metode Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa marker Cyt-b kurang dapat membedakan spesies N. bartelsi dan N. alboniger karena nilai genetic distance yang terlalu rendah (0,016).

The Javan hawk-eagle, or Nisaetus bartelsi (Stresemann, 1924), is an endemic raptor of Java Island whose population is critically endangered. As part of conservation efforts, phylogenetic reconstruction is necessary to understand its evolutionary history and relationships. This study aims to investigate the phylogenetic relationship between N. bartelsi and other members of the genus Nisaetus, as well as to evaluate the resolution of phylogenetic trees within the subfamily Aquilinae using five mitochondrial DNA markers: COI, Cyt-b, ND2, ND4, and ND5. Genetic data were obtained from the blood sample of N. bartelsi and other Aquilinae species downloaded from GenBank for comparison. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction was performed using three tree-building methods: Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI). The analysis showed that the genus Nisaetus consistently formed a monophyletic clade across all markers and tree-building models. However, interspecific relationships within Nisaetus were less consistent. For COI (NJ, BI), Cyt-b (NJ, BI), ND4 (NJ, ML, BI), and ND5 (NJ, ML, BI), the closest relative to N. bartelsi was found to be N. alboniger. In contrast, for COI (ML) and ND2 (NJ, ML, BI), N. nipalensis was identified as the closest relative. Among the five markers, ND2 exhibited the highest values in terms of the percentage of variable sites (37.7%), parsimony-informative sites (22.7%), and genetic distances within the genus Nisaetus (0.043 for N. bartelsi-N. alboniger and 0.050 for N. bartelsi-N.nipalensis). This study also conducted species delimitation analysis using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method, which revealed that Cyt-b had limited ability to distinguish between N. bartelsi and N. alboniger, due to their low genetic distance (0,016).

Kata Kunci : Aquilinae, Elang jawa, Evolusi, Filogenetik, Nisaetus bartelsi