Analisis Dampak Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Komunal Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Gajahwong Segmen Kota Yogyakarta

Aisha Devani Dinakaramani, Dr. Nugroho Christanto, S.Si., M.Sc.

2025 | Skripsi | GEOGRAFI DAN ILMU LINGKUNGAN

Aktivitas manusia yang semakin meningkat berbanding lurus dengan jumlah volume limbah yang dihasilkan. Pembuangan air limbah ke badan sungai tanpa pengolahan yang tepat dapat mengakibatkan permasalahan yang serius bagi kesehatan manusia maupun lingkungan. Salah satu bentuk pengelolaan DAS di DIY pada kawasan khusus areal sempadan sungai di perkotaan adalah kegiatan pembangunan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kapasitas IPAL Komunal di sekitar Sungai Gajahwong terhadap limbah domestik yang dihasilkan oleh masyarakat di sekitarnya, menganalisis kualitas air limbah effluent IPAL Komunal dan kualitas air Sungai Gajahwong, serta menganalisis pengaruh positif keberadaan IPAL Komunal terhadap kualitas air Sungai Gajahwong segmen Kota Yogyakarta.

Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel di lapangan dan wawancara kepada pengurus IPAL Komunal. Pengumpulan data IPAL Komunal dan Sungai Gajahwong dilakukan melalui pengambilan sampel, analisis data sekunder, dan pendekatan spasial yaitu Participatory GIS (PGIS). Hasil uji laboratorium pada sampel dibandingkan dengan baku mutu pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup serta Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.68/Menlhk-Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik Tersendiri.

Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa tujuh (7) IPAL Komunal yang dikaji memiliki komponen dasar yang sama dengan jaringan pemipaan IPAL, sambungan rumah, kapasitas, bak, dan tahun pembangunan yang berbeda-beda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 85% IPAL Komunal yang dikaji telah memenuhi kapasitas yang ditentukan. Parameter yang melebihi baku mutu pada IPAL Komunal dan air sungai adalah TSS, COD, BOD, amoniak, dan total coliform. IPAL Komunal Warungboto 1 meningkatkan kadar TSS sebesar 175?n kadar BOD sebesar 15,63%. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa IPAL Komunal mampu mengurangi potensi pencemaran sungai oleh limbah domestik dan mengurangi dampak terhadap lingkungan.

The demographic growth is directly increases human activity, which correlates with the rising amount of waste generated. The discharge of untreated wastewater into river systems can cause serious problems for both human health and the environment. As a response to these problems, one of watershed management strategies in Yogyakarta, particularly in the special urban riparian zones, is the construction of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP/IPAL). These facilities play a crucial role in mitigating pollution and river system conservation. This study aims to analyzing the capacity of communal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) around the Gajahwong River in relation to the domestic waste generated by the surrounding communities, analyzing the quality of effluent wastewater from the communal WWTPs and the water quality of the Gajahwong River, as well as analyzing the positive impact of the presence of communal WWTPs on the water quality of the Gajahwong River segment in Yogyakarta City.

Primary data collection was conducted through field sampling and interviews with the communal WWTP management. Data collection for the communal WWTP and the Gajahwong River was carried out by sampling, secondary data analysis, and a spatial approach using Participatory GIS (PGIS). Laboratory test results of the samples were compared with quality standards stipulated in Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 on Environmental Protection and Management, as well as the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.68/Menlhk-Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards.

The results indicate that the seven (7) communal WWTPs possess similar fundamental concepts, including piping networks, house connections, treatment capacities, tanks, and different years of construction. Furthermore, the study results show that 85% of the communal WWTPs studied have met the specified capacity. Several parameters that exceed the quality standards in both communal WWTPs and river water are TSS, COD, BOD, ammonia, and total coliform. Notably, the Warungboto 1 communal WWTP increased TSS levels by 175% and BOD levels by 15.63%. In conclusion, while communal WWTPs contribute to mitigating the environmental impacts of domestic wastewater and have the potential to reduce pollution in the Gajahwong River, further optimization is required to improve treatment efficiency and ensure compliance with effluent quality standards.

Kata Kunci : IPAL Komunal, kualitas air, PGIS