Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Pisang Raja dan Air Kelapa Terhadap Pertumbuhan Embrio Anggrek Vanda limbata Blume Secara In Vitro

Inayah Budi Cahyani, Prof. Dr. Endang Semiarti, M. S., M. Sc.

2025 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Eksploitasi berlebihan, alih fungsi lahan, dan kebakaran hutan menyebabkan populasi anggrek Vanda limbata di alam mengalami penurunan signifikan. Perbanyakan konvensional yang sulit menjadikan kultur in vitro sebagai alternatif yang potensial untuk konservasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak pisang raja dan air kelapa dalam media VW terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan awal biji V. limbata. Perlakuan yang diuji meliputi kombinasi pisang raja (0, 50, 100, 150 g/L) dan air kelapa (0, 50, 100, 150 mL/L). Parameter pengamatan meliputi persentase perkembangan fase biji, panjang, lebar, dan warna protokorm, serta dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan RAL, ANOVA, dan DMRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media VW dengan penambahan 100 g/L pisang raja dan 100 mL/L air kelapa merupakan kombinasi optimal dalam mendukung pertumbuhan protokorm dengan meningkatkan persentase keberhasilan perkecambahan hingga 86.25%. Protokorm yang dihasilkan menunjukkan perkembangan struktur khas seperti SAM (Shoot Apical Meristem) dan AH (absorbing hair). Analisis molekuler memperkuat penelitian dengan teridentifikasinya ekspresi gen HOMEOBOX KNOX1, yang diketahui berperan dalam pembentukan meristem dan perkembangan embrio. Spesies Phalaenopsis equestris memiliki similaritas paling tinggi terhadap V. limbata yakni 91.57%. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa sumber fitohormon alami seperti pisang raja dan air kelapa tidak hanya mendukung pertumbuhan secara morfologis, tetapi juga merangsang dalam tahapan awal perkembangan anggrek V. limbata.

Overexploitation, land-use change, and forest fires have significantly reduced the natural population of Vanda limbata in the wild. Due to the difficulty of conventional propagation, in vitro culture has emerged as a promising alternative for conservation efforts. This study aims to evaluate the effect of combining “pisang raja”  banana extract and coconut water in VW (Vacin & Went) medium on the early growth and development of V. limbata embryos. The treatments tested included combinations of “pisang raja” banana extract (0, 50, 100, 150 g/L) and coconut water (0, 50, 100, 150 mL/L). Observational parameters included the percentage of se developmental phases, protocorm length, width, and color. Data were statistically analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), ANOVA, and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that VW medium supplemented with 100 g/L of “pisang raja” banana and 100 mL/L of coconut water was the most effective combination, supporting optimal protocorm development and increasing the germination success rate to 86.25%. The resulting protocorms displayed characteristic structures such as the Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) and absorbing hairs (AH). Molecular analysis further supported the findings, with the identification of KNOX1 HOMEOBOX gene expression, which is known to play a crucial role in meristem formation and embryo development. The species Phalaenopsis equestris showed the highest similarity to V. limbata, with a sequence similarity of 91.57%. This study demonstrates that natural phytohormone sources, such as banana “pisang raja” and coconut water, not only support morphological growth but also stimulate early developmental stages in V. limbata orchids.

Kata Kunci : air kelapa, ekstrak pisang, gen HOMEOBOX, kultur in vitro, Vanda limbata