Kandungan Total Fenolik, Total Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Batang Selaginella ornata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring di Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu

Syafira Nurul Aisya, Prof. Dr. Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho, M.Agr.; Dr. Tri Rini Nuringtyas, S.Si., M.Sc.

2025 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Selaginella ornata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring merupakan anggota Selaginellaceae yang banyak tersebar di Indonesia. Spesies ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder golongan alkaloid, fenolik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Namun, potensinya sebagai antidiabetes belum pernah dilaporkan. Perawatan diabetes melitus tipe 2 melibatkan konsumsi obat hipoglikemik, termasuk acarbose, yang dalam jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan efek samping serius. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan produk antidiabetes berbasis herbal dengan efek samping minimal diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid batang S. ornata secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif, serta mengeksplorasi potensinya sebagai agen antidiabetes. Sembilan sampel batang S. ornata yang diperoleh dari ketinggian berbeda pada jalur Selo dan Wonolelo di Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu, diekstraksi secara maserasi dengan etanol 96?n difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut kloroform. Analisis kualitatif senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid dideteksi melalui uji histokimia sedangkan kuantifikasi kadar fenolik (TPC) dan flavonoid (TFC) secara berurutan diukur menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dan metode aluminium klorida. Aktivitas antidiabetes batang S. ornata dianalisis secara in vitro melalui uji penghambatan alfa amilase menggunakan metode DNS. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid terdistribusi di lapisan kutikula, jaringan epidermis, jaringan hipodermis. Selain itu, senyawa fenolik juga terdeteksi pada berkas xilem. Spesies ini memiliki kandungan total fenolik dan flavonoid yang bervariasi antar sampel dengan nilai TPC tertinggi pada fraksi etanol Sobleman 2 (106,03 ± 11,14 mg GAE/g fraksi) dan nilai TFC tertinggi pada fraksi etanol Pos 1 (123,26 ± 6,96 mg QE/g fraksi). Fraksi kloroform dan etanol batang S. ornata memiliki aktivitas penghambatan alfa amilase yang sangat rendah dibandingkan acarbose (IC50 = 12,29 ± 0,72 mg/L) dengan nilai IC50 terendah pada fraksi kloroform Pos 1 (IC50 = 1395,22 ± 146,08 mg/L).

Selaginella ornata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, a member of the Selaginellaceae, is widely distributed throughout Indonesia. This species contains secondary metabolites, including phenolics and flavonoids. However, its potential as an antidiabetic agent remains unexplored. The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus often involves hypoglycemic drugs, such as acarbose, but prolonged use of acarbose may cause side effects. This study aimed to investigate the qualitative and quantitative profiles of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in S. ornata stem, and to explore its potential as an antidiabetic agent. Nine samples of S. ornata stems were collected from various altitudes in the Mount Merbabu National Park. The samples were extracted using ethanol 96% through the maceration method, followed by fractionation using chloroform as a solvent. The localization of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was qualitatively detected through histochemical tests, while total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. The antidiabetic activity of S. ornata stem was evaluated by alpha amylase inhibition assay using the DNS method. The result indicated that the phenolic and flavonoid compounds were localized in the cuticle layer, epidermal tissue, and hypodermal tissue. In addition, phenolic compounds were also detected in the xylem tissue. The TPC and TFC varied among samples, with the highest TPC value detected in the ethanol fraction of Sobleman 2 (106,03 ± 11,14 mg GAE/g fraction) while the highest TFC value was observed in the ethanol fraction of Pos 1 (123,26 ± 6,96 mg QE/g fraction). All fractions of S. ornata exhibited minimal alpha amylase inhibitory activity compared to acarbose (IC50 = 12,29 ± 0,72 mg/L), with the lowest IC50 value detected in the chloroform fraction of Pos 1 (IC50 = 1395,22 ± 146,08 mg/L).

Kata Kunci : alfa amilase, antidiabetes, fenol, flavonoid, Selaginella ornata