Keragaman Genetik Nyamuk Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) di Purwosari, Mlati, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta berdasarkan Gen Mitokondria COI

Muhammad Luthfi, Prof. Dra. Tuty Arisuryanti, M.Sc., Ph.D.

2025 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Aedes aegypti merupakan serangga vektor bagi berbagai penyakit, di antaranya ialah demam berdarah dengue (DBD) yang marak tersebar di Indonesia. Keragaman genetiknya perlu dipelajari sebagai acuan dalam upaya pengendalian serangga tersebut. Dusun Purwosari terletak di Kapanewon Mlati yang memiliki kasus DBD tertinggi ketiga di Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta sekaligus berada di wilayah urban yang mencakup Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi dan menganalisis keragaman genetik Ae. aegypti di Dusun Purwosari berdasarkan gen mitokondria COI. Total 5 larva Ae. aegypti diambil dari rumah yang berbeda menggunakan ovitrap sebagai sampel penelitian ini. Primer universal LCO1490 dan HCO2198 digunakan dalam amplifikasi PCR gen COI.  Ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi gen COI, dan elektroforesis dilakukan di Laboratorium Genetika dan Pemuliaan Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, dan hasilnya dikirimkan ke LPPT-UGM untuk disekuensing. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis dengan program GeneStudio, Mesquite, MEGA, DnaSP, BEAST, dan PopART untuk memperoleh data sekuens konsensus, pohon filogenetik, komposisi nukleotida, jumlah haplotipe, keragaman haplotipe, keragaman nukleotida, dan hubungan antar-haplotipe. Hasil pencarian BLAST menunjukkan bahwa gen COI sampel Ae. aegypti yang diteliti memiliki kesamaan dengan data gen COI Ae. aegypti dari Australia, Kamboja, Laos, dan Vietnam di GenBank. Kelima sampel Ae. aegypti yang diteliti tidak menunjukkan keragaman genetik intrapopulasi. Analisis variasi genetik interpopulasi antara sampel yang diteliti dengan 25 data pembanding sampel Ae. aegypti dari Bantul, Kabupaten, dan Kota Semarang dari GenBank menunjukkan 28 situs polimorfik yang mencakup 13 situs parsimoni dan jarak genetik sebesar 0,37-1,86%. Sampel Ae. aegypti yang diteliti berbagi haplotipe dengan Ae. aegypti Bantul yang diambil pada tahun 2023. Tidak ditemukannya haplotipe serupa sebelum 2023 mengindikasikan kemungkinan fenomena imigrasi populasi Ae. aegypti akibat program penyebaran Ae. aegypti terinfeksi bakteri Wolbachia di Kota Yogyakarta dan sekitarnya. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk menyusun pustaka gen COI dan keragaman genetik Ae. aegypti sehingga dapat membantu upaya pengendalian DBD.

Aedes aegypti is a vector insect for various diseases, including dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) which is widespread in Indonesia. Its genetic diversity needs to be studied as a reference in the vector control efforts. Purwosari Hamlet is located in Mlati District which has the third highest DHF cases in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and is also located in the same urban area as Yogyakarta City. This study aims to detect and analyse Ae. aegypti mitochondrial COI gene diversity in Purwosari Hamlet. This study used 5 Ae. aegypti larvae samples collected from different houses using ovitraps. LCO1490 and HCO2198 universal primers were used in PCR amplification of the COI gene. DNA extraction, COI gene amplification, and electrophoresis were carried out at the Genetics and Breeding Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, and the results were sent to LPPT-UGM for sequencing. The data obtained were analysed using GeneStudio, Mesquite, MEGA, DnaSP, BEAST, and PopART programs to obtain consensus sequence data, phylogenetic trees, nucleotide composition, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and inter-haplotype relationships. The BLAST search results showed that the studied Ae. aegypti samples’ COI genes were similar with Ae. aegypti COI gene data from Australia, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam in GenBank. The five Ae. aegypti samples studied did not show intrapopulation genetic diversity. Analysis of interpopulation genetic variation between the samples studied and 25 comparative data of Ae. aegypti samples from Bantul, Semarang Regency, and Semarang City from GenBank showed 28 polymorphic sites including 13 parsimony sites and genetic distance range of 0.37-1.86%. The Ae. aegypti samples studied shared the haplotype with Ae. aegypti from Bantul collected in 2023. The absence of similar haplotype before 2023 indicates recent immigration phenomenon on the Ae. aegypti population presumably due to the Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti establishment programs in Yogyakarta City and its surroundings. The results of this study are expected to be used to complement the COI gene library and genetic diversity data of Ae. aegypti that can help efforts for DHF control.

Kata Kunci : Aedes aegypti, gen COI, keragaman genetik, Purwosari