REFLEKSI KRITIS TERHADAP PIDANA MATI DI INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF POSITIVISME HUKUM HERBERT LIONEL ADOLPHUS HART
Nur Alifah, Dr. Lailiy Muthmainnah, S.Fil., M.A.; Dr. Ahmad Zubaidi, M.Si.
2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Filsafat
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif bidang
filsafat hukum dengan menggunakan literatur kepustakaan seperti buku, jurnal,
dan artikel sebagai sumber primer dan sekunder. Model yang digunakan adalah
analisis kritis permasalahan faktual yakni refleksi kritis aturan pidana mati
perspektif positivisme hukum H.L.A Hart dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif
analitis. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan deskripsi, induksi dan
deduksi, holistika, koherensi intern, dan refleksi.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa: Pertama,
Usaha mempertahankan pidana mati menemui perdebatan dan kontra dengan sisi
internasional dari negara-negara yang telah meghapus dan menyuarakan moratorium
pidana mati. Sisi retensionist berpendapat bahwa pidana mati dapat
mencegah kejahatan dan memastikan keadilan, sedangkan para kritikus melihatnya
sebagai aturan yang tidak efektif dan kejam. Kedua, Hart memproyeksikan
hukum sebagai aturan, yakni aturan primer sebagai aturan dasar yang terbentuk
dari norma dan realitas sosial, serta aturan sekunder yang menjadi wadah untuk
membentuk aturan hukum berdasarkan aturan primer. Aturan sekunder memiliki 3
aturan utama yang dapat memvalidasi (aturan pengakuan), modifikasi (aturan
perubahan), dan menilai (aturan penilaian) hukum itu sendiri. Hart mengemukakan
pendekatan positivis moderat terhadap hukuman, yang menekankan fleksibilitas
dan pertimbangan konsep retributif yang minim. Ketiga, Dalam hal hukum
Indonesia, penerapan aturan primer dan sekunder, seperti yang digariskan oleh
Hart, membentuk dasar peraturan pidana mati, memungkinkan adaptasi seiring
dengan hukum yang berkembang tiap masa dengan mempertimbangkan keadilan. Penerapan
pidana mati perlu diselaraskan dengan kerentanan dasar manusia yang tertuang
pada konsep Minimum Content of Natural Law Hart untuk megatasi
keterbatasan sistem peradilan.
This research examines critical reflections on the
application and dynamics of the death penalty debate in Indonesia through the
perspective of legal positivism of Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart. The purpose of
the research is to answer the issue of the debate on maintaining and abolishing
the death penalty in Indonesia by using Hart's idea of legal positivism as an analytical
tool.
This research is a qualitative research in the field
of legal philosophy using library literature such as books, journals, and
articles as primary and secondary sources. The model used is a critical
analysis of factual problems namely a critical reflection of the death penalty
rules from the perspective of H.L.A Hart's legal positivism with the nature of
analytical descriptive research. Data analysis in this research uses
description, induction and deduction, holistic, internal coherence, and
reflection.
Based on the research results, it is concluded that:
First, the effort to maintain death penalty encounters debates and cons with
the international side from countries that have abolished and voiced the
moratorium on death penalty. The retentionist side argues that death penalty
can prevent crime and ensure justice, while the critics see it as an
ineffective and cruel rule. Second, Hart projects law as rules, namely primary
rules as basic rules that are formed from social norms and realities, as well
as secondary rules that become a container for forming legal rules based on
primary rules. Secondary rules have 3 primary rules that can validate (rules
of recognition), modify (rules of change), and assessment (rules
of adjudication) the law itself. Hart put forward a moderate positivist
approach to punishment, which emphasizes flexibility and minimum retributive
applied on punishmet. Third, In terms of Indonesian law, the application of primary
and secondary rules, as outlined by Hart, form the basis of death penalty
regulations, allowing for adaptation along with the law that evolves every time
by considering justice. The application of death penalty needs to be aligned
with the basic human vulnerability as stated in Hart's Minimum Content of
Natural Law concept to overcome the limitations of the justice system.
Kata Kunci : Death Penalty, Hart, Legal Positivism, Primary Rule, Secondary Rule
