Muhammadiyah dan pemiskinan budaya :: Studi terhadap putusan Majelis Tarjih tentang Jenazah dan implementasinya dalam ritual kematian di Kampung Kauman Yogyakarta

SUPRIATNA, Dr. Heru Nugroho

2004 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan praktek ritual kematian di kampung Kauman Yogyakarta, sebagai kampung Muhammadiyah. Selain ritus keagamaan, adakah fungsi lainnya dari ritual kematian dalam hubungan sosial dan bagaimana implikasinya terhadap budaya lokal. Data yang diperlukan digali dengan observasi dan wawancara dengan para informan, yaitu tokoh masyarakat, pimpinan Majelis Tarjih, juru kunci makam, dan anggota masyarakat yang dalam lima tahun terakhir ada anggota keluarganya yang meninggal dunia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa sebagian masyarakat Kauman dalam melakukan ritual kematian berpedoman kepada al-Qur’an dan as-Sunnah yang dalam memahami teks-teks dan mengaplikasikannya mengikuti pola pemahaman Muhammadiyah yang tertuang dalam putusan Majelis Tarjih tentang jenazah. Ritual kematian yang diikuti sekarang ini sudah berjalan sejak lama sehingga menjadi adat kebiasaan (customs). Dalam hubungan sosial, ritual kematian merupakan elemen solidaritas sosial yang memperkokoh rasa sepaguyuban sesama warga Kauman yang menganut agama Islam dan mengikuti paham Mauhammadiyah. Oleh karena masyarakatnya homogen, maka pelaksanaan ritual kematian yang berbeda, tidak diterima. Dalam membaca teks-teks keagamaan dan putusan Majelis Tarjih lebih bersifat skriptualis, kurang memperhatikan semangat dan gagasan dari teks tersebut, maka budaya lokal yang terkait dengan ritual kematian dan dinilai bertentangan dengan ritual kematian yang berlaku harus dihapuskan.

This research aims to explain the rites of death in Kauman village, Yogyakarta, as gathering place of Muhammadiyah. The problem are: how do they realize and do the rites of death, and how does Muhammadiyah movement, by its purifying, implicate toward cultur and tradition of people in Kauman before, what’s the function of rites of death in social context here and how does it implicate toward local-cultural beside as a ritual in general. The data can be obtained through the observation and interview with some leaders in society, the prominent figure of Muhammadiyah, who are living in Kauman, the chief of Majelis Tarjih, the doorkeeper of tomb and several members of society who has dead families in latest five years and family’s cemetery there. The result indicates that a part of the population, as a follower of Muhammadiyah, understand the rites of death as commandment of syari’a and to do it is to bring merit. The rites of death are ruled in Qur’an and Tradition and its formulation is understood through Muhammadiyah perspective, as found in Compilation of Decision of Tarjih Muhammadiyah about corpse. The rites of death begin from accompany and wishper in stuction in ear of the dead (talqin), to bathe, shroud (a body), to pray, to bury and after that to do praying. The rites of death have gone on for a long time and became a custom and spread in all communities. So it becomes spirit of society. The rites of death is a medium of social solidarity, friendly as fellow citizen. Kauman, as a village of Muslim and follower of Muhammadiyah has a special solidarity, it is mechanical. Because of homogeneous, in social and perspective, people who does a ritual of death in different manner will not be recived and ridiculed, as a repressive punishment. By spirit of Islamic purifying, the Muhammadiyah movement in Kauman criticizes a local mores hard, if they are seem as a ritual that deviated from Islamic tradition. It is because Muhammadiyah is so textual and more stick the mode of Bayani out than Burhani and Irfany aspects. The religious texts are understood as they are, and do not see theirs context. So, the fact which is not suitable for the texts will be refused. This attitude is inclined to anticultur movement.

Kata Kunci : Sosiologi,Ritual Kematian,Muhammadiyah,Pemiskinan Budaya, the rites of death, Majelis Tarjih, social solidarity, local-cultural