Status Entomologi, Kerentanan Nyamuk Aedes aegypti terhadap Insektisida Cypermethrin dan Potensi Penularan Demam Dengue di Kelurahan Onekore Kabupaten Ende

Andreas Wona Dato, Prof. dr. Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto, M.Sc, Ph.D; Dr. drh. Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, SU

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis

Latar Belakang: Kabupaten Ende merupakan daerah endemis Demam Dengue (DF), dengan jumlah kasus DF di Kabupaten Ende cenderung mengalami peningkatan selama tiga tahun terakhir, tahun 2022 jumlah kasus DF sebanyak 45 kasus DF (IR 18,7/100.000 penduduk), dan 5 kematian (CFR 11,11%), meningkat pada tahun 2023 sebanyak 57 kasus (IR 20,8/100.000 penduduk) dan 1 kematian (CFR 1,75%), kemudian meningkat lagi pada tahun 2024 dengan jumlah kasus sebanyak 100 kasus (IR 36,5/100.000 penduduk) dan 1 kematian (CFR 1%). 

Tujuan: Menganalisis kepadatan nyamuk Ae. aegypti, status lingkungan berbasis maya index, menganalisis dan menetapkan status resistensi nyamuk terhadap insektisida cypermethrin, menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi secara molekuler serotipe virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti dan menentukan pola persebaran penderita demam dengue di Kelurahan Onekore Kabupaten Ende.

Metode: Penelitian obsevasional deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional. Survei larva dan pemasangan ovitap, uji resistensi dengan CDC Bottle Bioassay, penangkapan nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina dewasa dari alam untuk deteksi serotipe virus dengue menggunakan metode Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Pengambilan titik koordinat pada rumah kasus DF dan rumah yang positif larva Ae. aegypti.

Hasil: Bedasarkan Density Figure (DF), nilai House Index dan Breteau Index pada DF 8 yaitu kategori tinggi untuk kepadatan populasi nyamuk. Ovitrap index 55,5% termasuk level 4 atau tinggi (OI ? 40%) untuk kepadatan populasi nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Status maya index rendah 35,0%, sedang 33,0%, dan tinggi  32,0% untuk perkembangbiakan nyamuk vektor. Status kerentanan nyamuk Ae. aegypti terhadap cypermethrin adalah rentan dengan nilai mortalitas 98,75%. Deteksi serotipe virus dengue dengan RT-PCR ditemukan virus dengue dengan serotipe DENV-3 pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina dewasa. Nilai neirest neighbor ratio sebesar 0,328827 (? 1), maka pola penyebaran kasus DF dan rumah yang positif larva Aedes sp. merupakan pola cluster atau mengelompok.

Kesimpulan: House index, breteau index, dan ovitrap index kategori risiko tinggi untuk penularan kasus DF. Maya index berisiko tinggi untuk pekembangbiakan vektor. Nyamuk Ae. aegypti rentan terhadap insektisida cypermethrin dan memiliki potensi sebagai vektor DENV-3. Pola penyebaran kasus dan habitat vektor DF secara cluster atau mengelompok.

Background: Ende Regency is classified as a dengue fever (DF) endemic area, with the number of DF cases showing a consistent increase over the past three years. In 2022, the number of DF cases reached 45 (IR 18.7 per 100,000 population) with 5 deaths (CFR 11.11%). In 2023, the cases increased to 57 (IR 20.8 per 100,000 population) with 1 death (CFR 1.75%). The upward trend continued in 2024 with 100 reported cases (IR 36.5 per 100,000 population) and 1 death (CFR 1%).

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the density of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, assess environmental conditions using the Maya Index, determine the resistance status of mosquitoes to cypermethrin insecticide, identify dengue virus serotypes molecularly in Aedes aegypti, and determine the spatial distribution pattern of dengue fever cases in Onekore Subdistrict, Ende Regency.

Methods: This was a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design. Larval surveys and ovitrap installations were conducted. Mosquito resistance was tested using the CDC Bottle Bioassay method. Adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were collected from the field for dengue virus serotype detection using the Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method. Geographic coordinates were recorded for both dengue case households and households with positive Aedes aegypti larvae.

Results: Based on the Density Figure (DF), the House Index and Breteau Index at DF level 8 indicated a high mosquito population density. The Ovitrap Index was 55.5%, categorized as level 4 or high (OI ? 40%) for Aedes aegypti population density. The Maya Index showed a low in 35.0%, medium in 33.0%, and high in 32.0% for mosquito breeding potential. The susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to cypermethrin showed a mortality rate of 98.75%, indicating susceptibility. RT-PCR results detected dengue virus serotype DENV-3 in adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The Nearest Neighbor Ratio was 0.328827 (< 1>

Conclusion: The House Index, Breteau Index, and Ovitrap Index were all categorized as high risk for DF transmission. The Maya Index indicated a high risk for vector breeding. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were susceptible to cypermethrin insecticide and have the potential to act as vectors for DENV-3. The distribution pattern of DF cases and vector habitats was clustered.

Kata Kunci : indikator entomologi, Aedes aegypti, cypermethrin, RT-PCR, Ende.