Hubungan politik pertahanan dan keamanan Australia-Indonesia :: Suatu kajian terhadap stabilitas keamanan kawasan

KAESORRY, M. Daril, Drs. Armaidy Armawi, MSi

2004 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional

Dalam konteks global -sistem internasional- Australia dengan kekhasan geografis, luas wilayah, demografi dan kekuatan militernya dikategorikan sebagai kekuatan menengah (medium power) bahkan jika ditinjau dalam konteks regional maka Australia adalah pemeran dan pelaku politik, ekonomi, dan militer yang besar. Ditinjau dari geopolitik, sesungguhnya aman dari ancaman invasi secara langsung, tetap saja secara psikologis merasa selalu terancam. Secara tradisional, Australia memandang keamanannya adalah bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari keamanan lingkungan kawasan. Pesimis terhadap kemampuan mempertahanan diri sendiri dari ancaman musuh pontensial Asia dan serangan dari “utara”. Ketika PD II tanggal 19 Februari 1942, pesawat-pesawat tempur Jepang menyerbu Darwin dengan menelan korban yang besar dipihak Australia. Itulah sebabnya strategi keamanan Australia diarahkan terutama sekali untuk mewujudkan rencana dimana setiap kekuatan yang mengandung potensi mengancam keselamatan dan keamanan dapat dinetralisir, dikontrol dan bahkan dieliminasi, dalam “Howard Doctrin” dan “Deputi Sherif” Australia memandang selama ini sikap dan tingkah laku Indonesia dan juga negara-negara Asia lainnya sebagai sumber ancaman. Sejak lama Australia dihantui perasaan takut semacam itu (xenofobia), sehingga dijuluki the frightned country. Indonesia dianggap sebagai salah satu sumber ancaman potensial bagi keselamatan dan keamanan Australia. Takdir geografis bahwa Australia dan Indonesia bertetangga dan berbatasan langsung, sedikit banyak pernah terlibat konflik dengan tetangga Malaysia tahun 1963–1965, pencaplokan Irian Barat tahun 1963 diteruskan masalah perbatasan dengan PNG, serta integrasi Timor Timur tahun 1975. Peran Australia ditujukan sebagai usaha bagi terciptanya stabilitas kawasan sekitar, sedangkan hubungan bilateral dengan Indonesia telah dimulai sejak masa perjuangan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Dinamika hubungan politik pertahanan dan keamanan yang berlangsung mengalami fluktuasi. Partai berkuasa di Australia adalah pemegang peran penting dalam menentukan kebijakan luar negerinya, termasuk dalam menjalin hubungan dengan Indonesia. Situasi harmonis yang tercipta saat PM Keating dari Partai Buruh berkuasa, sangat bertolak belakang orientasi kebijakan luar negerinya dibanding ketika PM Howard dengan Partai Koalisinya berkuasa, begitu pula masalah yang berkaitan dengan Timor Timur si “kerikil”. Adanya perbedaan kultur, sosial budaya, sistem politik, cara pandang faktor ancaman serta peran media Australia adalah hal terpenting dalam hubungan ini. Menyikapi perubahan lingkungan strategis dan perkembangan global, memaksa suatu kerjasama politik dan keamanan. Isu global, terorisme internasional, illegal migrant, dan kejahatan trans nasional lainnya, terbukti telah menyita perhatian kedua negara, peristiwa serangan WTC, 11 September 2001, bom Bali 12 Oktober 2002 dan bom Marriot 5 Agustus 2003, adalah reaksi dari isu dominan yang berkembang saat ini, sehingga Australia dan Indonesia terlibat aktif dalam upaya memeranginya dan mengupayakan terciptanya suatu lingkungan yang stabil, dengan menjalin suatu hubungan politik dan keamanan diantara kedua Negara.

In the context of global —international system— Australia with its geographical characteristic, demography, area extent, and military power, can be categorized as a medium power. Moreover in the context of regional Australia plays a big role in politics, economy, as well as in military. Even if it is secure from invasive threat in geopolitical view, they still feel threatened psychologically. Traditionally, Australia views that its security is an integral part of regional security. This is a pessimistic view on the ability of self-defense against the potential Asian enemy and attacks coming from the ‘north'. During the World War II the Japanese fighters struck Darwin in February 19, 1942, resulting in a great damage to the Australian. This is the reason why the Australian peace strategy mainly directed to plan that every potential power to become a threat to the Australian peace and security, should be neutralized, controlled or even eliminated. In the “Howard Doctrine” and “Deputy Sheriff” Australia views that the moves of Indonesia and other Asian countries so far can be viewed as the source of threat. Australia has been haunted by the fear or xenophobia, so that often called as the frightened country. Indonesia is considered as one source of potential threat for the Australian peace and security. Geographically, Australia and Indonesia are located in the neighborhood area with direct borders, while Indonesia has been involved in some conflicts with Malaysia in 1963-1965, West Irian in 1963 and border claim with PNG, as well as East Timor integration in 1975. The Australian role is directed to create stability in the regional area, while the bilateral relationship with Indonesia has been founded during the period of Indonesian struggle for independence. The ongoing political defense and security relationship have been passing through fluctuations. The ruling party in Australia plays a significant role in making decision on the Australian foreign policy, including the relationship with Indonesia. A good relationship was made during the government of PM Paul Keating and his Labor Party, contrary to the government of PM John Howard with his Coalition Party, taking the problem of the “tiny” East Timor. The differences in culture, socio-culture, political system, and perspective on threat factors and the role of Australian media are among the most important issues in this relationship. Adapting to the development of strategic environment and the recent globalization, both countries have to set a security and political cooperation. The global issues, international terrorism, illegal migrant and other trans-national crime, have attracted both countries attention. The attacks of WTC September 11, 2001, Bali bombing in October 12, 2002, and JW Marriot bombing in August 5, 2003, are reactions toward dominant issues forcing Australia and Indonesia to fight actively against terrorism to create a stable environment, by setting a security and political relationship between the two countries.

Kata Kunci : Ketahanan Nasional,Stabilitas Keamanan Kawasan,Hubungan Hankam,Indonesia dan Australia, Politics of Security and Defense, security stability, region