Implementasi Program Pemberian Makan di Sekolah Secara Global : Scoping Review

Damai Aristania, Prof. Dr. dr. Mubasysyir Hasan Basri, MA ; Digna Niken Purwaningrum, S.Gz., MPH., Ph.D

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang: Anak usia sekolah membutuhkan asupan gizi optimal untuk mendukung kesehatan dan prestasi belajar, namun malnutrisi masih menjadi tantangan di negara berkembang. Program pemberian makan di sekolah telah diterapkan secara global, termasuk di Indonesia, namun masih menghadapi tantangan pendanaan dan tata kelola.

Tujuan Penelitian: Mengidentifikasi implementasi, tantangan, faktor keberhasilan program, dan best practice program pemberian makan di sekolah.

Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain scoping review mengikuti pedoman PRISMA, dengan pencarian literatur dari database Scopus, PubMed, dan Science Direct (2014–2024), berdasarkan format PEOs.

Hasil: Dari 10 artikel terpilih, Ditemukan variasi dalam pendanaan, mekanisme penyediaan, sasaran, dan teknis pelaksanaan program. Faktor keberhasilan program meliputi kolaborasi multisektoral, keterlibatan ahli gizi, penggunaan bahan pangan lokal, serta manajemen yang baik. Tantangan umum yang dihadapi mencakup keterbatasan infrastruktur, pendanaan, kualitas makanan, dan partisipasi masyarakat. Pemanfaatan bahan pangan lokal, fortifikasi pada makanan, keterlibatan aktif pemangku kepentingan dari siswa hingga pemerintah, dan keterlibatan ahli gizi dalam perencanaan dan evaluasi program merupakan praktik terbaik dalam pelaksanaan program secara global

Kesimpulan: Keberlanjutan program pemberian makan di sekolah sangat bergantung pada tata kelola yang kuat, dukungan kebijakan serta kolaborasi berbagai pihak. Praktik terbaik menunjukkan pendekatan yang melibatkan komunitas, memanfaatkan sumber lokal, dan melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi dapat membantu menjaga keberlanjutan program.

Background: School-aged children require optimal nutritional intake to support their health and academic performance. However, malnutrition remains a challenge in developing countries. School feeding programs have been implemented globally, including in Indonesia, but they still face funding and governance challenges.

Objectives: To identify the implementation, challenges, success factors, and best practices of school feeding programs.

Methods: This study uses a scoping review design following PRISMA guidelines, with literature searches conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct (2014–2024), based on the PEOs framework.

Results: From the 10 selected articles, variations were found in funding, delivery mechanisms, target groups, and program execution. Key success factors included multisectoral collaboration, involvement of nutrition experts, use of locally sourced food, and effective management. Common challenges included infrastructure limitations, funding constraints, food quality issues, and low community participation. Best practices globally included utilizing local food resources, food fortification, active stakeholder engagement (from students to policymakers), and involving nutrition experts in program planning and evaluation.

Conclusion: The sustainability of school feeding programs heavily depends on strong governance, policy support, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Best practices demonstrate that community-inclusive approaches, leveraging local resources, and consistent monitoring and evaluation can enhance program sustainability.

Kata Kunci : Program pemberian makan di sekolah, implementasi program, praktik terbaik global