Cyberloafing: Konseptualisasi, Konstruksi Instrumen dan Model Pengukuran

HARLINA NURTJAHJANTI, Rahmat Hidayat, S.Psi., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2025 | Disertasi | S3 Psikologi

Internet connectivity within organizations brings both positive and negative impacts. While technological advances enhance organizational effectiveness, they also create opportunities for misuse, leading to a new form of counterproductive work behavior known as cyberloafing. This behavior can pose a significant threat to overall organizational performance. This research comprises two studies involving 1.571 educational staff members from 13 state universities located in six cities in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The first study aims to develop a measurement instrument for the positive side of cyberloafing. The process began with a literature review to develop the cyberloafing construct. Subsequently, an inductive approach was applied through qualitative research procedures to explore various cyberloafing behaviors. The development of the instrument was carried out through the integration of findings from the deductive and inductive approaches. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a four-factor structure consistent with the developed construct, while the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the model’s fit with the factors identified in the EFA. The second study aimed to test a theoretical model explaining cyberloafing based on external factors, namely the psychosocial work environment, and internal factors, including work stress and psychological detachment. For this purpose, steps were first taken to adapt the Psychosocial Work Environment, Work Stress, and Psychological Detachment Scales. Furthermore, a model test was conducted to examined the mediating role of work stress and psychological detachment in the relationship between the psychosocial work environment and cyberloafing. Based on both studies, this study concludes that (1) Development of a new, valid, and reliable cyberloafing instrument, (2) The Indonesian version of the Psychosocial Work Environment, Work Stress, and Psychological Detachment Scales was confirmed as a valid and reliable instrument, maintaining structural equivalence with the original English version, (3) Work stress has been proven to significantly mediate the relationship between the work psychosocial environment and psychological detachment. The theoretical implications of this study are to contribute to the development of cyberpsychology literature. Regarding the impact of cyberloafing, the findings of this study provide practical insights for organizations to strategically address factors that contribute to work stress.

Internet connectivity within organizations brings both positive and negative impacts. While technological advances enhance organizational effectiveness, they also create opportunities for misuse, leading to a new form of counterproductive work behavior known as cyberloafing. This behavior can pose a significant threat to overall organizational performance. This research comprises two studies involving 1.571 educational staff members from 13 state universities located in six cities in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The first study aims to develop a measurement instrument for the positive side of cyberloafing. The process began with a literature review to develop the cyberloafing construct. Subsequently, an inductive approach was applied through qualitative research procedures to explore various cyberloafing behaviors. The development of the instrument was carried out through the integration of findings from the deductive and inductive approaches. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a four-factor structure consistent with the developed construct, while the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the model’s fit with the factors identified in the EFA. The second study aimed to test a theoretical model explaining cyberloafing based on external factors, namely the psychosocial work environment, and internal factors, including work stress and psychological detachment. For this purpose, steps were first taken to adapt the Psychosocial Work Environment, Work Stress, and Psychological Detachment Scales. Furthermore, a model test was conducted to examined the mediating role of work stress and psychological detachment in the relationship between the psychosocial work environment and cyberloafing. Based on both studies, this study concludes that (1) Development of a new, valid, and reliable cyberloafing instrument, (2) The Indonesian version of the Psychosocial Work Environment, Work Stress, and Psychological Detachment Scales was confirmed as a valid and reliable instrument, maintaining structural equivalence with the original English version, (3) Work stress has been proven to significantly mediate the relationship between the work psychosocial environment and psychological detachment. The theoretical implications of this study are to contribute to the development of cyberpsychology literature. Regarding the impact of cyberloafing, the findings of this study provide practical insights for organizations to strategically address factors that contribute to work stress.

Kata Kunci : Cyberloafing, psychosocial work environment, work stress, psychological detachment, scale development, mediation model