Kajian Pemanfaatan Sumur Resapan Air Hujan sebagai Resapan Greywater di Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta
Arhad Hartadi, Ir. Intan Supraba, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D., IPM., ASEAN.Eng. ; Dr. Ir. Budi Kamulyan, M. Eng., IPM
2025 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Sipil
Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap.
Tahap pertama adalah wawancara dengan pelaku usaha konstruksi terkait rancangan
sumur resapan yang akan diaplikasikan di
masyarakat dan tahap kedua adalah uji
laboratorium terhadap hasil rancangan tersebut apabila digunakan untuk
meresapkan limbah greywater. Wawancara menggunakan metode stratified
random sampling di 17 kecamatan di wilayah Kabupaten Sleman sedangkan
pengujian sumur resapan sebagai filtrasi greywater menggunakan kolom
filter dengan konfigurasi ijuk, kerikil dan pasir masing-masing 10 cm. Pengujian
filtrasi dilakukan selama 3 minggu dengan pengambilan sampel setiap minggu dan
ditinjau efektivitasnya berdasarkan parameter pH, kekeruhan, TSS, minyak &
lemak, BOD, COD, amonia, dan total coliform.
Hasil penelitian lapangan (observasi dan
wawancara) menunjukkan bahwa sumur yang dirancang untuk meresapkan air hujan sebagian
besar dialihfungsikan sebagai resapan limbah cair domestik tanpa pengolahan.
Pengujian filtrasi terhadap konfigurasi filter yang digunakan menunjukkan
penurunan kekeruhan, TSS, dan minyak & lemak pada minggu pertama, meskipun
belum memenuhi baku mutu. Efektivitas penyisihan menurun pada minggu
berikutnya, mengindikasikan kejenuhan media, termasuk peningkatan keasaman.
Efektivitas terhadap BOD, COD, amonia, dan total coliform cenderung lebih
baik di minggu kedua dibandingkan minggu pertama, meskipun hanya amonia yang
memenuhi baku mutu sebelum dan sesudah filtrasi. Kondisi ini menunjukkan sistem
filtrasi memerlukan waktu adaptasi untuk stabil, yang dipengaruhi oleh proses
biodegradasi dalam filter. Penambahan ketebalan pasir tiga kali lipat
meningkatkan efektivitas penyisihan meskipun mayoritas parameter masih belum
memenuhi baku mutu.
Sleman Regency, which has
the highest population in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, has experienced
population growth due to the influx of migrants, particularly tourists and
students. In 2023, the number of tourists reached 6,7 million (35,34%), while
the student population was approximately 410 thousand (62,37%), both the
highest in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This increase in population and
mobility has contributed to the surge in domestic wastewater volume. This growth has led to a corresponding rise in the
volume of domestic wastewater. Previous studies have identified domestic
wastewater as a major contributor to groundwater pollution in Sleman, with the
direct discharge of wastewater into rainwater infiltration wells serving as one
of the key indicators. This study aims to describe the characteristics and
usage patterns of infiltration wells in Sleman Regency and to identify the
potential for functional conversion through interviews with construction
practitioners. Additionally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of
infiltration well filters in infiltrating greywater.
The
research was conducted in two stages. The first stage involved interviews with
construction practitioners regarding infiltration well designs intended for
community use, while the second stage consisted of laboratory tests on the
performance of these designs when used to infiltrate greywater. Stratified
random sampling was employed for interviews across 17 districts within Sleman
Regency. The greywater filtration test was conducted using a filter column
containing layers of palm fiber, gravel, and sand—each 10 cm thick. Filtration
was assessed over a three-week period, with samples collected weekly and
analyzed based on pH, turbidity, TSS, oil and grease, BOD, COD, ammonia, and
total coliform.
Field
observations and interviews revealed that infiltration wells initially designed
for rainwater infiltration are often repurposed for unprocessed domestic
wastewater disposal. Filtration experiment showed a reduction in turbidity,
TSS, and oil and grease during the first week, although none of the parameters
met the applicable quality standards. Removal efficiency declined in the
following weeks, indicating media saturation and increasing acidity. The
removal performance for BOD, COD, ammonia, and total coliform improved in the
second week compared to the first, although only ammonia met quality standards
both before and after filtration. These findings suggest that the filtration
system requires an adaptation period to reach stability, influenced by
biodegradation processes within the filter media. Increasing the sand layer
thickness threefold enhanced removal efficiency, although most parameters still
failed to meet the required standards.
Kata Kunci : Air hujan, Limbah cair domestik, Multimedia filter, Pencemaran air tanah, Infiltrasi