Perilaku Semburan Kobra Jawa Naja sputatrix (Boie, 1827) dan Kobra Sumatra Naja sumatrana (Müller, 1890)

Maula Haqul Dafa, Dr. Slamet Widiyanto, S.Si., M.Sc.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Kobra (genus Naja) merupakan ular berbisa dari Famili Elapidae yang mampu menegakkan anterior badan dan melebarkan tudung. Sebagian juga terkenal dapat menyemburkan bisa. Semburan kobra merupakan perilaku defensif yang dilakukan ketika berhadapan dengan objek yang dianggap berbahaya. Detail perilaku semburan kobra Asia, termasuk N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana, belum pernah dipelajari sehingga dibutuhkan penelitian untuk (1) menganalisis target yang dinilai sebagai ancaman yang berpotensi diserang oleh N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana, (2) mengidentifikasi pola semburan pada N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana, (3) memahami pengaruh ketinggian target terhadap perilaku sembur N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana. Provokasi perilaku menyembur dilakukan menggunakan foto wajah manusia berskala 1:1 dengan variasi jumlah mata, foto wajah hewan, kertas putih, dan manekin tangan serta kaki. Video rangkaian perilaku semburan menggunakan aplikasi motion tracker dan dianalisis hubungan antara waktu reaksinya terhadap target. Jejak semburan dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi hitung titik tengah dan kuadran. Diketahui N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana menilai suatu objek sebagai ancaman jika objek tersebut bergerak aktif dengan jarak satu meter atau kurang dari ular tanpa memedulikan bentuk dan posisi objek. Semburan N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana sama-sama mampu berpola "kabut"/mist maupun "arus"/stream. Ketinggian target berpengaruh terhadap perilaku sembur N. sputatrix dan N. sumatrana, dengan variasi posisi serta cara menyembur yang berbeda tergantung pada ketinggian dan jarak targetnya.

Cobras (genus Naja) are venomous snakes from the Elapidae family that are able to erect their anterior bodies and spreads hoods. Some are also has ability to spit venom. Spitting is a defensive behavior carried out when faced with threats. Details of the spitting behavior of Asian cobras, including N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana, have never been studied, so research is needed to (1) analyze targets that are considered as potential threats to be attacked by N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana (2) identify spitting patterns in N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana (3) understand the effect of target height on the spitting behavior of N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana. Provocation of spitting behavior was carried out using 1:1 scale photos of human faces with variations in eye numbers, photos of animal faces, white paper, and hand and foot mannequins. Videos of the spitting behavior series used a motion tracker application and the relationship between reaction time to the target was analyzed. Splatters were analyzed using midpoint and quadrant calculation applications. It is known that N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana assess an object as a threat if the object is actively moving at a distance of one meter or less from the snake regardless of the shape and position of the object. The spitting patterns of N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana are both capable of forming a “mist” or “stream” pattern. The height of the target affects the spray behavior of N. sputatrix and N. sumatrana, with variations in position and spraying methods that differ depending on the height and distance of the target.

Kata Kunci : Defensif, Pola Semburan, Agitasi