Dampak remitan terhadap peningkatan ekonomi penduduk di daerah asal : Studi kasus Nagari sulit air kabupaten Solok Sumatera Barat

Irdaf, Prof. Drs. R. Bintarto, Drs. Alip Sontosudarmo, M.S.

1993 | Tesis | S2 Kependudukan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) karakteristik penduduk yang meliputi demografi, sosial dan ekonomi, (2) kontribusi remitan terhadap pendapatan penduduk di daerah asal dan bagaimana pemanfaatan remitan tersebut, (3) sejauh mana ketergantungan ekonomi penduduk di daerah asal terhadap remitan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tahun 1992 di Nagari Sulit Air Kecamatan X Koto Diatas, Kabupaten Solok Propinsi Sumatera Barat. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara "purposive" pada penduduk di daerah asal yang menerima remitan. Selanjutnya penentuan jumlah sampel dilakukan secara acak sebanding (proporsional random sampling) dari 220 rumahtangga, sehingga diperoleh 110 responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara yang menggunakan daftar pertanyaan (kuesioner). Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan tabel frekuensi dan tabel silang. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan yakni: (1) penduduk di daerah asal pada umumnya berumur produktif yaitu antara 35-40 tahun, 79,4 persen untuk suami dan 66,4 persen isterinya. Status perkawinan penduduk, 88,2 persen kawin, 11,8 persen cerai hidup/mati, (2) tingkat pendidikan penduduk pada umumnya cukup tinggi yakni SLTP ke atas sebesar 78,2 persen dan 79,1 persen masiRg-masing untuk suami dan isteri, sedangkan lainnya berpendidikan SD, (3) semua penduduk bekerja di luar sektor pertanian dan rata-rata pendapatan rumahtangga tanpa remitan, relatif tinggi yakni sebesar Rp 171.104 per bulan, (4) kontribusi remitan yang diterima penduduk di daerah asal rata-rata sebesar 33,8 persen (Rp 57.815) per bulan dari jumlah pendapatan rumahtangganya, (5) pemanfaatan remitan yang banyak digunakan adalah untuk biaya pendidikan, konsumsi sehari-hari dan pakaian, serta kegiatan ritual, (6) tidak terdapat perbedaan yang berarti antara jumlah dan frekuensi remitan yang diterima dengan pendapatan rumahtangga penduduk, (7) remitan merupakan penambah pendapatan rumahtangga dan 74,5 persen di antaranya telah dapat melebihi standar KFM. Namun, jika rumahtangga penduduk tidak menerima remitan maka 71 persen di antaranya tidak dapat memenuhi standar KFM, (8) remitan telah membawa dampak positif terhadap peningkatan pendapatan rumahtaRgga dan pembangunan berbagai fasilitas sosial. Mengingat kesempatan kerja di Nagari Sulit Air dapat dikatakan langka, maka industri kecil atau industri kerajinan yang telah ada perlu dikembangkan. Selain itu, sesuai dengan potensi lahan di Nagari Sulit Air dapat dikembangkan pertanian tanaman hortikultura terutama buah-buahan dan jahe, serta pengembangan peternakan kambing rakyat. Untuk pemasaran produksi diharapkan Koperasi Unit Desa dan Dewan Pimpinan Pusat Sulit Air Sepakat (DPP SAS) dapat mencarikan pasarnya, sehingga penduduk dapat menikmati keuntungan dari usaha mereka. Seiring dengan hal tersebut, tentu dapat memperluas kesempatan kerja dan meningkatkan pendapatan penduduk, serta mengurangi ketergantungan pada remitan dari rantau.

The purpose of the study is to find out: 1) the characteristics of the population, which covers its demography and socio-economy, 2) the contribution of remittances on the people's income in the village of origin and how they make use of the remittances, and 3) the extent of dependency of the people's economy towards these remittances in their home villages. The study was carried out in 1992 in Nagari Sulit Air in the Subdistrict X Koto Di Atas, Solok Regency, West Sumatra. The sam-pling was done purposively to the people in the village of orgin who received the remittances. The process of determining the total number of the samples was conducted through proportional random sampling to obtain 110 out of 220 households. Data collection was done through indept interviews by using questionnaires, whereas the techniques of analysis was carried out qualitatively as well as quantitatively, using the frequency tables and the cross tabulation. The study shows that: 1) On the whole, the people in the village of orjgin are of the productive age group, i.e., between 35 and 40 years, or 79.4 percent and 66.4 percent for husbands and wives re-spectively. Their marital status shows that 88.2 percent are married and 11.8 percent are either divorced or widowed. 2) The level of education is on the whole moderate: 78.2 percent and 79.1 percent are junior high school graduates or higher for husbands and wives respec-tively, whereas the rest have primary school education. 3) All of the inhabiutants work outside the agricultural sector, and the average households' incomes without remittances are higher, or about Rp 171,104.00 per month. 4) The average monthly remittances received by households in the home village are 33.8 percent (or Rp 57,815.00) of the total monthly income of every household. 5) Remittances are mainly used for the costs of education, everyday consumption, for clothing, and other for ritual activities. 6) There is no difference between the amount and frequency of remittances received and the people's household income. 7) Remittances are considered as additional household income, 74.5 percent of which has exceeded the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI). Even so, if the village households do not receive any remittances, it may mean that about 71 percent of these village households would not meet the standard PQLI. 8) Remittances have brought positive impacts on the improvement of the household income of the village people as well as on the various social household facilities. Considering that employment opportunities in Nagari Sulit Air is fairly scarce, it is necessary for small industries or handcrafts home industries to develop substantially. Besides, in accordance with the potentials of the land, it is advisable for the inhabitants to develop in horticulture, particularly in growing fruits or ginger, and in breeding local sheep. The KUD (Village Cooperative Units) and the DFP---SAS should take care for the marketing of the products, so that local people may enjoy the profits of their efforts. The above activities may also broaden the employment opportunities and improve the income of the inhabitants, and decrease its dependency on remit¬tances from outside.

Kata Kunci : Peningkatan Ekonomi Penduduk,Remitan,Solok,Sumatera Barat