Kearifan masyarakat lokal dalam mengelola sumber daya hutan dan lingkungan di Kecamatan Taniwel-Seram Barat

SILAYA, Thomas Melianus, Prof.Dr.Ir. H. Hasanu Simon

2004 | Tesis | S2 Kehutanan

Di Seram Barat (Propinsi Maluku) terdapat kearifan masyarakat lokal yang berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan dan pelestarian sumber daya alam, namun belum banyak yang terangkat ke permukaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bentuk-bentuk kearifan masyarakat lokal dalam pemanfaatan dan pelestarian sumber daya hutan dan lingkungan, mengetahui karakteristik sosial ekonomi masyarakat dan perbedaan pola hidup masyarakat dalam pengelolaan hutan dan lingkungan di Kecamatan Taniwel, pulau Seram bagian barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada lima desa di Kecamatan Taniwel yaitu desa Riring dan Rumahsoal (daerah pegunungan) serta desa Kasieh, Hatunuru dan Uwen (daerah pesisir). Penelitian ini dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan dengan metode purposive sampling, sedangkan pengambilan responden dilakukan dengan metode random sampling sebanyak 15 – 20 kk setiap desa. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa bentuk-bentuk kearifan masyarakat lokal di Seram Barat seperti sasi dan dusun berperanan dalam pengelolaan sumber daya hutan dan lingkungan. Sasi meningkatkan hasil panen baik kuantitas maupun kualitas dan mendorong terciptanya konservasi sumber daya hayati beserta ekosistemnya. Sedangkan dusun dapat membatasi masyarakat membuka lahan hutan untuk berladang. Pola dusun juga memberi peluang terciptanya ekosistem hutan yang hampir sama dengan ekosistem hutan primer karena terdiri dari berbagai strata tajuk dengan beraneka jenis tanaman di dalamnya. Kondisi sosial masyarakat desa di Seram Barat turut menunjang pelaksanaan berbagai program pembangunan di bidang kehutanan dan dapat mengatasi berbagai permasalahan sosial yang terjadi akibat benturan kepentingan dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam oleh masyarakat. Kondisi ekonomi masyarakat Seram Barat cukup bervariasi, terutama antara masyarakat di daerah pegunungan dan di daerah pesisir. Letak geografis turut berpengaruh terhadap perekonomian dan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat di Seram Barat. Terdapat perbedaan pola hidup pada masyarakat Seram Barat yang berdiam di daerah pegunungan dan di daerah pesisir dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam.

community are highly useful for natural resources exploitation and preservation. The present research was aimed to examine the forms of indigenious wisdom of local community in forest and environment exploitation and preservation, identify social-economic characteristics and the differences in life pattern of communities to manage forest and environment at Taniwel sub-district, western part of Seram Island. This research was conducted at five villages of Taniwel sub-district, namely Riring and Rumahsoal (mountainous areas); and Kasieh, Hatunuru, and Uwen (coastal areas). It was descriptively conducted through the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. Research sites were determined using purposive sampling method, while respondents involving 15-20 households per village were recruited through the use of random sampling method. Results indicated that indigenious wisdom forms of local community in West Seram, such as sasi and dusun played roles in forest and environment management. Sasi provided both quantitative and qualitative improvements of yields and increasingly created the conservation of biological resources and its ecosystem. Meanwhile, dusun presumably restricted forest land clearing for cultivation. In addition, dusun pattern provided opportunities to create quite similar ecosystem to primary forest ecosystem since it involved various strata of soothes with variety of plants/trees available. Social conditions of villages at West Seram also facilitated implementation of various development programs in forestry field, and they successfully solved various social problems occurred due to conflicting interest of inhabitants in natural resources exploitation. Social-economic conditions of West Seram is quite various, specifically between those inhabiting mountainous and coastal areas. Geographical situation of inhabitant settlements also influenced the economic and prosperity levels of West Seram people inhabiting mountainous and coastal areas in natural resource exploitation. The differences in life pattern were found between those inhabiting mountainous and coastal areas of West Seram communities in forest and environment management.

Kata Kunci : Kehutanan,Sumberdaya Hutan,Pengelolaan Masyarakat, wisdom, sasi, dusun, prosperity, forest preservation