Pembacaan posmodernisme (Dekonstruksi Metanarasi) atas ideologi perdamaian Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi

WICAKSANA, I Gede Wahyu, Prof.Dr. Mohtar Mas'oed

2004 | Tesis | S2 Magister Perdamaian dan Resolusi Konflik

Penelitian tesis ini bertujuan melakukan dekonstruksi metanarasi atas ideologi perdamaian Satyagraha Gandhi. Argumen yang diajukan adalah Satyagraha merupakan metanarasi yang hanya menekankan pemaknaan tunggal tentang manusia dan perdamaian .Oleh sebab itu, harus didekonstruksi menjadi wacana-wacana yang plural serta menolak oposisi biner yang arbitrer. Kerangka analisis yang dirancang terdiri atas dua kerangka konsepsi: Pertama, pendefinisian metanarasi menurut Jean Franquis Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, dan Michel Foucault. Kedua,prosedur dekonstruksi yang terdiri atas; 1) Wacana plural dari Foucault, 2) Logika jalan tengah oleh Derrida, 3) Etika posmodernisme Zygmunt Bauman. Secara ringkas hasil-hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Terdapat wacana Satyagraha merupakan kebajikan bagi semua yang hidup, sebagai wacana lain bahwa Satyagraha adalah kebenaran Tuhan, 2) Pada kenyataan nirkekerasan dan kekerasan tidak merupakan oposisi biner yang arbitrer, keduanya adalah pilihan bertindak atas dasar rasionalitas situasi serta nilai-nilai etika yang relatif, 3) Tidak terdapat integrasi total antara cara dengan tujuan damai.

The research question promoted in this thesis is how to read Gandhi’s ideology of Satyagraha by using postmodernism ideas about metanarrative deconstruction. This thesis proposes an argument: Gandhi’s ideology of Satyagraha is a kind of utopia, deterministic universal generalization, absolute, and promoting arbitrary binary opposition that must be deconstructed by postmodernism ideas to become more realistic, particularistic, and plural discourses. To support the argument above, the writer has to build analytical framework consisting of: First, how to define Gandhi’s ideology of Satyagraha as a metanarrative. The second is procedure of deconstruction. For the first framework the writer needs to use Jean Francois Lyotard’s thinking of realistic and particular narrative, Juergen Habermas’s idea of peace activism as one of a particular narrative, Frederic Nietzche’s criticism to modern philosophy, Jacques Derrida’s definition about absolute truth, and Michael Foucault’s ideas which criticizes binary opposition. The second framework must be implemented through: Derrida’s conception of middle way within binary opposition, pluralism ideas by Foucault, and postmodernism ethic constructed by Zygmunt Bauman. After implementing the analytical framework, this thesis resulting some conclusions: 1) The truth conception in Satyagraha is interpreted as a wisdom for all alive. 2) Nonviolence action should be done properly considering about situational and strategic circumstances, and criticizing determinism. 3) Nonviolence/violence is not binary opposition anymore, there is a discourse about responsibility for others, so violence or nonviolence is just a choice not a primary determinant. 4) There is no integration between means and goals. 5) Satyagraha as a constructive programme is not criticizing modern civilization but it promote Gandhi’s effort to be something for Indian people. By using Habermas’s argument about Theory of Communicative Action, the writer makes a chapter about discussing postmodern Satyagraha with Marx’s idea of violent revolution, Freud’s idea about human aggression and Niebuhr’s thinking about realism. This discussion results is that postmodern Satyagraha is not a useless discourse, critically it can be argued with that three modern thinking.

Kata Kunci : Ideologi Perdamaian,Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi,Postmodernisme, Deconstruction