Analisis Pola Distribusi Apotek dengan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional dan Non Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Kabupaten Kolaka Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara Berdasarkan Nearest Neighbor Statistic dan Sistem Informasi Geografis

Abdillah Dollangeng, Prof. Dr. apt. Susi Ari Kristina, M.Kes

2025 | Tesis | Magister Manajemen Farmasi

Kesehatan merupakan hak asasi manusia dan elemen kesejahteraan masyarakat yang harus diwujudkan sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Pemerintah bertanggung jawab untuk menyediakan akses layanan kesehatan yang layak, termasuk melalui program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). Namun, distribusi fasilitas kesehatan, khususnya apotek, masih belum merata di berbagai wilayah, termasuk Kabupaten Kolaka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat distribusi spasial dan aksesibilitas masyarakat serta ketersediaan apotek JKN maupun Non JKN di Kabupaten Kolaka dengan menggunakan Analisis Tetangga Terdekat (Nearest Neigbour Analysis) dan teknologi Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG). Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif cross-sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Pengambilan titik koordinat apotek JKN dan Non JKN dilakukan menggunakan informasi Google Maps dan GPS (Global Positioning System). Populasi dan sampel penelitian adalah seluruh apotek di Kabupaten Kolaka sebanyak 44 apotek, pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2024 – Januari 2025. Analisis spasial dilakukan untuk melihat pola distribusi apotek dan aksesibilitas menggunakan software ArcGIS 10.8. serta ketersediaan apotek di Kabupaten Kolaka berdasarkan standar WHO. Data pendukung lainnya seperti jumlah penduduk, jumlah apotek, peta administratif, dan jaringan jalan diperoleh diperoleh dari data OpenStreetMap (OSM), data jumlah penduduk dari Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil, data Apotek dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kolaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa apotek JKN cenderung terkonsentrasi di Kecamatan Kolaka, sementara apotek Non JKN memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas namun masih mengelompok di Kecamatan dengan kepadatan penduduk tinggi seperti Kecamatan Kolaka dan Kecamatan Pomala. Analisis aksesibilitas berdasarkan radius pelayanan, jarak, dan waktu tempuh menunjukkan bahwa apotek JKN memiliki jangkauan yang lebih terbatas dibandingkan apotek Non JKN. Selain itu, ketersediaan apotek JKN di Kabupaten Kolaka masih jauh di bawah standar yang direkomendasikan oleh WHO dengan rasio 0,238 apotek per 10.000 penduduk sebaliknya apotek Non JKN telah memenuhi standar WHO dengan rasio 1.508 per 10.000 penduduk. Temuan ini mengindikasikan perlunya perbaikan dalam distribusi fasilitas kesehatan dan penambahan jumlah apotek JKN untuk meningkatkan aksesibilitas dan kualitas layanan kesehatan di Kabupaten Kolaka. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar bagi perencanaan kebijakan kesehatan yang lebih efektif dan merata.

Health is a fundamental human right and a crucial element of societal well-being that must be realized in accordance with the 1945 Constitution. The government is responsible for providing adequate access to healthcare services, including through the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. However, the distribution of healthcare facilities, particularly community pharmacies, remains uneven across various regions, including Kolaka Regency. This study aims to examine the spatial distribution and accessibility of community pharmacies, as well as the availability of JKN and non-JKN community pharmacies in Kolaka Regency, using Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. This research employs a descriptive cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The coordinates of JKN and non-JKN community pharmacies were obtained using Google Maps and GPS (Global Positioning System). The study population and sample consisted of all 44 community pharmacies in Kolaka Regency, with data collection conducted from December 2024 to January 2025. Spatial analysis was performed to examine the distribution patterns and accessibility of community pharmacies using ArcGIS 10.8 software, as well as to assess the availability of community pharmacies in Kolaka Regency based on WHO standards. Supporting data, such as population figures, number of community pharmacies, administrative maps, and road networks, were obtained from OpenStreetMap (OSM), the Population and Civil Registration Office, and the Kolaka Regency Health Office. The findings reveal that JKN community pharmacies are predominantly concentrated in Kolaka District, while non-JKN community pharmacies are more widely distributed but still clustered in densely populated districts such as Kolaka and Pomala. Accessibility analysis based on service radius, distance, and travel time indicates that JKN community pharmacies have a more limited reach compared to non-JKN community pharmacies. Furthermore, the availability of JKN community pharmacies in Kolaka Regency remains significantly below the WHO-recommended standard, with a ratio of 0.238 community pharmacies per 10,000 population, whereas non-JKN community pharmacies have met the WHO standard with a ratio of 1.508 per 10,000 population. These findings highlight the need for improvements in the distribution of healthcare facilities and an increase in the number of JKN community pharmacies to enhance accessibility and the quality of healthcare services in Kolaka Regency. This study is expected to serve as a foundation for more effective and equitable health policy planning.

Kata Kunci : Analisis Spasial, Apotek JKN dan Non JKN, Sistem Informasi Geografis, Nearest Neigbour Analysis.