Prevalensi, Intensitas Infeksi dan Faktor Risiko Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs) di Desa Salena, Kelurahan Buluri, Kecamatan Ulujadi, Kota Palu, Sulawesi Tengah

Peni Kusumasari, Prof. dr. E. Elsa Herdiana Murhandawati, M.Kes, Ph.D

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Dasar dan Biomedis

Latar Belakang: Infeksi Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs) merupakan salah satu infeksi yang banyak terjadi di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Indonesia telah melakukan program POPM kecacingan dua kali setahun sejak tahun 2017 termasuk di Kota Palu, terutama pada anak usia prasekolah dan sekolah dasar (SD). Penelitian terkait infeksi STHs terakhir dilakukan di Desa Salena Kota Palu terakhir dilakukan pada tahun 2019 pada anak SD dan masih ditemukan kasus kecacingan sampai saat ini.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat prevalensi, intensitas infeksi, dan faktor risiko infeksi STHs pada penduduk Desa Salena.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan metode simple random sampling yang dilakukan dari Juli hingga Agustus 2024. Data demografi dan faktor risiko seperti kebersihan diri (kebiasaan mencuci tangan, memotong kuku, memakai alas kaki) dan kebersihan lingkungan (kepemilikan toilet, tangki limbah, sumber air) dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner. Diagnosis infeksi STHs dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan feses menggunakan metode Wet mount, Kato-Katz, dan Baermann funnel technique.
Hasil: Sebanyak 231 sampel feses dan 245 kuesioner diperoleh dari penduduk Desa Salena (usia ?5 tahun) yang tidak mengonsumsi obat anti-cacing dalam 3 bulan terakhir. Sebanyak 204 sampel (88,31%) ditemukan terinfeksi STHs melalui metode Wet mount, sedangkan 219 sampel (94,81%) dengan metode Kato-Katz. Analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa perempuan (p<0>Ascaris lumbricoides dan Trichuris trichiura paling banyak ditemukan dengan intensitas infeksi sedang, hookworm ditemukan dengan intensitas infeksi ringan. Tidak ditemukan larva Strongyloides stercoralis dalam penelitian ini.
Kesimpulan: Prevalensi hampir 95?n intensitas infeksi STHs dengan varian riangan, sedang dan berat ditemukan di Desa Salena. Kebiasaan terkait kebersihan diri dan lingkungan yang memiliki risiko untuk terinfeksi STHs seperti kontak reguler dengan tanah tanpa alas kaki dan menggunakan tanah sebagai toilet masih dilakukan oleh penduduk Desa Salena. Program pengobatan rutin yang dilakukan pada seluruh usia serta edukasi terkait kebersihan diri dan lingkungan perlu dilakukan untuk menurunkan prevalensi serta intensitas infeksi STHs di Desa Salena.

Background: Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs) are one of the major public health issues, including in Indonesia. Indonesia has been implementing a Mass Drug Administration (MDA) program for deworming twice a year since 2017, including in Palu City, targeting primarily preschool and elementary school-aged children. The most recent study on Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections in Salena Village, Palu City, was conducted in 2019 on elementary school children, and cases of helminthiasis remain present to this day.
Objective: This study investigates prevalence, intensity infection and risk factors from STHs infections among peoples in the Salena Village.
Methods: This cross-sectional study used simple random sampling and was conducted from July to August 2024. Data on demographic characteristics and risk factors, including personal hygiene (handwashing habits, nail trimming, wearing footwear) and household sanitation (toilet ownership, waste management systems, water sources), were collected through structured questionnaires. Stool samples were analyzed for STHs infection using the Wet mount, Kato-Katz, and Baermann funnel techniques.

Results: A total of 231 stool samples and 245 completed questionnaires were obtained from residents of Salena Village aged ?5 years who had not taken anti-helminthic medication in the past three months. STHs infections were detected in 88.31% of samples using the Wet mount method and in 94.81% using the Kato-Katz method. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between STHs infection and being female (p<0>Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, both showing moderate infection intensities, while hookworms were found with light infection intensity. No Strongyloides stercoralis larvae were detected.
Conclusions: A prevalence of nearly 95% and varying intensities of STH infections, ranging from mild to severe, were found in Salena Village. Practices related to personal and environmental hygiene that pose a risk for STH infections, such as regular contact with soil without wearing footwear and using the ground as a toilet, are still common among the residents of Salena Village. Routine treatment programs targeting all age groups, along with education on personal and environmental hygiene, are necessary to reduce the prevalence and intensity of STH infections in Salena Village.

Kata Kunci : Soil-transmitted Helminths, prevalensi, intensitas infeksi, faktor risiko, Sulawesi, Palu