Rezim Pengelolaan dan Aspirasi Kelembagaan Masyarakat Lokal terhadap Skema Perhutanan Sosial di KHDPK

Aprisep Ferdhana Kusuma, Prof. Dr. Ahmad Maryudi; Prof. Dr. Muhammad Alif K.Sahide; Prof. Dr. Ir. Ris Hadi Purwanto, M.Agr.Sc

2025 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Kehutanan

Perhutanan Sosial (PS) telah menjadi reformasi tata kelola dan tenurial di sektor kehutanan selama empat dekade terakhir. PS diharapkan mampu
memberikan hak dan akses yang lebih besar kepada masyarakat lokal untuk mengelola sumber daya hutan guna mengatasi masalah seperti kemiskinan, konflik sosial, dan kerusakan hutan. Namun, pemerintah menawarkan berbagai skema yang mungkin tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi hak dan akses kelola hutan oleh masyarakat lokal sebelum dan saat implementasi kebijakan PS, konflik kepentingan dalam pemilihan dan implementasi skema PS, relasi kuasa, dan merumuskan rezim pengelolaan dan aspirasi kelembagaan masyarakat lokal terhadap skema PS di KHDPK.

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kawasan Perhutani KPH Blitar dengan menggunakan kerangka teoritik Institutional Analysis & Development (IAD).
Sebagai kerangka analitik digunakan Property Rights, Theory of Access, Actor Centered Power (ACP), dan Sequential Power Analysis (SPA). Data primer
dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi terhadap informan serta kegiatan yang relevan dengan implementasi kebijakan perhutanan sosial. Triangulasi data dan analisis konten dokumen digunakan untuk meningkatkan validitas data.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skema PS pemerintah belum sepenuhnya memenuhi harapan sebagian masyarakat lokal karena masih ada ketimpangan akses penguasaan lahan oleh sebagian elit di tingkat lokal sehingga menyebabkan sebagian masyarakat lokal yang menjadi target utama program PS kesulitan mengakses kelola lahan hutan. Kondisi ini diperparah dengan masih adanya praktik sewa lahan hutan. Masyarakat lokal juga belum mampu memanfaatkan mekanisme akses  khususnya yang mendukung pengembangan komoditas kehutanan. Pemberian hak & akses kelola kawasan hutan kepada masyarakat lokal juga membuka peluang munculnya aktor dengan berbagai ragam kepentingan. Perbedaan ragam kepentingan antar aktor inilah yang justru menciptakan, meningkatkan eskalasi, dan kompleksitas konflik kepentingan. Di lokasi penelitian, masih terjadi proses relasi kuasa yang tidak seimbang. Elaborasi 3 tahapan SPA menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat lokal tetap saja menjadi subordinat dan hanya aktor  tertentu (LSM, Perhutani, elit lokal) saja yang menjadi aktor powerful. Untuk meminimalisir hal tersebut, diperlukan (1) penataan akses kelola (lahan andil) dalam bentuk rezim pengelolaan berdasarkan norma dan prinsip aspirasi masyarakat lokal, dan (2) pembentukan struktur kelembagaan untuk mendorong proses monitoring, evaluasi, dan penegakan peraturan yang adil terhadap semua aktor yang terlibat dalam implementasi kebijakan perhutanan sosial.

Social Forestry (SF) has been a governance and tenure reform in the forestry sector for the past four decades. This approach empowers local communities with greater rights and access to manage forest resources, addressing issues such as poverty, social conflict, and forest degradation. However, government schemes may not always align with the specific needs of these communities. This research aims to analyse the condition of rights and access to forest management by local communities before and during the implementation of SF policies, investigate conflicts of interest in the selection and implementation of SF schemes, examine power relations, and formulate management regimes and institutions of local communities' aspirations for SF schemes in KHDPK.

This research was conducted in the Perhutani KPH Blitar area utilizing the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) theoretical framework. The
analytical framework incorporated Property Rights, the Theory of Access, Actor- Centered Power (ACP), and Sequential Power Analysis (SPA). Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations of informants and activities relevant to the implementation of social forestry policy. To enhance data validity, data triangulation and content analysis of relevant documents were employed.

The results indicate that the government's Social Forestry (SF) scheme has not fully met the expectations of some local communities, as inequality in land tenure access persists, particularly among local elites. This inequality has resulted in difficulties for local communities, who are the primary beneficiaries of the SF program, in accessing forest land management. This situation is further exacerbated by the practice of leasing forest land. Additionally, local communities are unable to effectively utilize access mechanisms, especially those that support the development of forestry commodities. Granting rights and access to manage forest areas to local communities has also created opportunities for various actors with
differing interests to emerge. The divergence of these interests has led to the creation, escalation, and complication of conflicts. In the research area, power relations remain unbalanced. The analysis of the three stages of the SPA reveals that local communities remain subordinate, with only certain actors—such as NGOs, Perhutani, and local elites—emerging as powerful players. To mitigate these issues, it is necessary to (1) structure access to management (land share) through a management regime that reflects the norms and principles of local community aspirations, and (2) establish an institutional framework (including bureaucratic structures) that promotes fair monitoring, evaluation, and enforcement processes for all actors involved in the implementation of social forestry policies.

Kata Kunci : rezim pengelolaan, masyarakat lokal, akses, relasi kuasa, struktur kelembagaan; management regimes, local communities, access, power relations, institutional structures