Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Community Based Tourism (Studi di Desa Wisata Srikeminut, Sriharjo, Imogiri, Bantul)

Axel Milbarindra, Dr. Arie Sujito, S.Sos., M.Si.

2025 | Skripsi | Sosiologi

Community Based Tourism (CBT) adalah pariwisata yang menitik beratkan pada aspek keberlanjutan baik dari sisi lingkungan, sosial, dan budaya. Sistem CBT dimiliki serta dikelola langsung oleh dan untuk masyarakat setempat. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis metode studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yakni observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara mendalam yang dielaborasikan dengan berbagai macam data sekunder. Desa Wisata Srikeminut di Kalurahan Sriharjo, Imogiri, Bantul dipilih sebagai lokasi sekaligus objek penelitian karena memiliki keunikan kasus. Wisata disana sangat ramai pada tahun 2020 ketika kurva Covid-19 melandai namun semakin turun di tahun-tahun berikutnya. Pedagang yang awalnya pada tahun 2020 berjualan di pinggir jalan tepi Sungai Oya direlokasi ke foodcourt yang disiapkan oleh Pemerintah Kalurahan Sriharjo. Pembangunan foodcourt dan beberapa fasilitas wisata yang ada disekitarnya dibarengi dengan pelibatan Pemerintah Kalurahan melalui BUM Kalurahan Sri Rejeki dan Pokdarwis Dewi Sri pada pengelolaan desa wisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori partisipasi komunitas terkait tipologi partisipasi komunitas yang dikemukakan oleh Cevat Tosun dan tangga partisipasi masyarakat yang dikemukakan oleh Sherry Arnstein. Peneliti menemukan kesimpulan bahwa salah satu penyebab belum optimalnya wisata disana meskipun sudah dilaksanakan revitalisasi melalui penyertaan modal Kalurahan adalah karena partisipasi lokal yang masih berada pada level partisipasi semu atau degrees of tokenism. Tangga partisipasi masyarakat lokal di Srikeminut masih ada di nomor lima atau placation (penentraman). Tipologi masyarakat disana berada di tataran induced participation atau partisipasi ikutan. Praktik patronase lokal masih ditemukan di Desa Wisata Srikeminut. Hanya saja untuk implementasi CBT sudah berjalan cukup baik, hal itu ditandai dengan transformasi yang terjadi dan berbagai prinsip serta aspek utama CBT yang sebagian besar telah terlaksana meskipun belum sempurna. Transisi Pokdarwis dari tingkat Padukuhan ke Kalurahan belum berjalan lancar. Terdapat friksi diantara pemangku kepentingan Desa Wisata Srikeminut dari pihak Kalurahan dengan aktor-aktor di tingkat Padukuhan Wunut. Oleh sebab itu maka diperlukan mediasi di antara kedua belah pihak agar ditemukan jalan tengah dari kepentingan masing-masing yang sedang diperjuangkan supaya partisipasi masyarakat dan pengembangan CBT di Desa Wisata Srikeminut dapat berjalan lebih optimal.

Community Based Tourism (CBT) is tourism that emphasizes sustainability aspects from the environmental, social, and cultural aspects. The CBT system is owned and managed directly by and for the local community. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a case study method. The data collection techniques used were observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews elaborated with various secondary data. Srikeminut Tourism Village in Sriharjo Village, Imogiri, Bantul was chosen as the location and object of research because it has a unique case. Tourism there was very busy in 2020 when the Covid-19 curve was flat but continued to decline in the following years. Traders who initially sold on the roadside on the banks of the Oya River in 2020 were relocated to the food court prepared by the Sriharjo Village Government. The construction of the food court and several tourist facilities around it was accompanied by the involvement of the Village Government through the Sri Rejeki Village BUM and the Dewi Sri Pokdarwis in the management of the tourist village. This study uses the theory of community participation related to the typology of community participation proposed by Cevat Tosun and the ladder of community participation proposed by Sherry Arnstein. The researcher found the conclusion that one of the causes of suboptimal tourism there even though revitalization has been carried out through the participation of Kalurahan capital is because local participation is still at the level of pseudo participation or degrees of tokenism. The ladder of local community participation in Srikeminut is still at number five or placation (reassurance). The typology of the community there is at the level of induced participation or follow-on participation. Local patronage practices are still found in Srikeminut Tourism Village. It's just that the implementation of CBT has gone quite well, this is indicated by the transformation that has occurred and various principles and main aspects of CBT, most of which have been implemented even though they are not perfect. The transition of Pokdarwis from the Padukuhan level to the Kalurahan has not gone smoothly. There is friction between stakeholders in the Srikeminut Tourism Village from the Kalurahan side and actors at the Padukuhan Wunut level. Therefore, mediation is needed between the two parties to find a middle ground from the interests of each being fought for so that community participation and CBT development in Srikeminut Tourism Village can run more optimally.

Kata Kunci : CBT, tingkat partisipasi masyarakat, Desa Wisata Srikeminut, tipologi, Sriharjo