Community Housing dengan Penekanan Perkembangan Anak di Kampung Urban Marginal Kumuh Jakarta

BETA NADHYA MAIMUNAH, Nur Zahrotunnisaa Zagi, S.T., M.T.

2025 | Skripsi | ARSITEKTUR

Urbanisasi membuat area urban semakin padat dan memiliki berbagai problem yang tak berujung. Hal ini berujung pada tumbuhnya permukiman urban marginal di pinggiran kota, pun sama halnya dengan di Jakarta. Keadaan permukiman secara fisik maupun sosial yang tidak ideal menyebabkan dialaminya problem multidimensional oleh kaum marginal, mulai dari problem yang muncul dari lingkungan, keluarga, pertemanan, komunitas bermain, hingga pemerintah. Hal ini sangatlah berpengaruh pada perkembangan anak urban marginal kumuh mengingat populasi usia tertinggi yang akan menempati perkotaan di 2050. Urgensi perkembangan anak di permukiman urban marginal kumuh pun makin kuat dengan adanya ungkapan “poorpeoplewillgivebirthtopoorchildren too”.

Ketidakidealan kehidupan dan perkembangan anak di kampung urban marginal kumuh meliputi hunian, pemenuhan gizi dan makanan, edukasi, relasi sosial, hinga aktivitas rekreasi. Tak jarang pula tekanan ekonomi membuat anak menjadi sasaran kekerasan dari orang tua. Selaras dengan hal tersebut, UNICEF dan Komite Hak Anak PBB menyatakan bahwa hunian yang layak sangat berpengaruh pada kesejahteraan anak dan harus dipenuhi, tidak terkecuali bagi anak urban marginal. Namun, perlu dipahami pula bahwa komunitas dan anak yang tinggal di urban marginal justru memiliki ikatan kekeluargaan dan kebersamaan yang kuat.

Untuk merespons isu tersebut, dilakukan sebuah perancangan urban marginal community housing dengan penekanan perkembangan anak di salah satu kampung urban marginal kumuh Jakarta, Kampung Elektro, yang memiliki urgensi tersebut. Faktor lingkungan, baik fisik maupun sosial, serta faktor internal dalam diri anak menjadi fokus untuk mengentaskan problem multidimesional yang dialami anak urban marginal kumuh selama perkembangannya . Tidak hanya berkutat pada individu yang saat ini masuk dalam kategori anak, penyelesaian perancangan cenderung menyeluruh pada seluruh lapisan komunitas, baik remaja, calon orang tua, orang tua, nenek-kakek pengasuh, hingga tetangga. Peremajaan lingkungan yang menjadi bagian dari community housing juga menjadi elemen penting perancangan. Diharapkan komunitas dapat bersinergi dan berinteraksi dalam community housing sehingga generasi anak di kampung tersebut dapat teremajakan dan menciptakan atmosfer perkembangan anak dalam lingkup hunian yang lebih baik dan cerah.

Kata kunci: kampung urban marginal kumuh, multidimensional, perkembangan anak, community housing, komunitas, lingkungan

Urbanization makes urban areas increasingly dense and has endless problems. This has led to the growth of marginal urban settlements on the outskirts of the city, the same as in Jakarta. Physical and social housing conditions that are not ideal cause multidimensional problems to be experienced by marginalized people, starting from problems that arise from the environment, family, friendships, play communities, to the government. This has a big influence on the development of marginal slum urban children considering that the highest age population will live in urban areas in 2050. The urgency of child development in marginal slum urban settlements is even stronger with the expression "poor people will give birth to poor children too".

The non-ideal life and development of children in slum marginal urban villages includes housing, fulfilling nutrition and food, education, social relations, and even recreational activities. It is not uncommon for economic pressure to make children targets of violence from their parents. In line with this, UNICEF and the UN Committee on Children's Rights stated that adequate housing greatly influences children's welfare and must be met, including for marginalized urban children. However, it also needs to be understood that communities and children who live in marginal urban areas actually have strong family ties and togetherness.

To respond to this issue, an urban marginal community housing design was carried out with an emphasis on child development in one of Jakarta's slum marginal urban villages, Kampung Elektro, which has this urgency. Environmental factors, both physical and social, as well as internal factors within the child are the focus for alleviating the multidimensional problems experienced by urban marginal slum children during their development. Not only focusing on individuals who are currently included in the child category, the design completion tends to be comprehensive at all levels of the community, including teenagers, prospective parents, parents, caregivers, grandparents and neighbors. Environmental rejuvenation which is part of community housing is an important design element. It is hoped that the community can synergize and interact in community housing so that the generation of children in the village can be rejuvenated and create a better and brighter atmosphere for children's development in the residential environment.

Keywords:  slum marginal urban kampung, children development, community housing, community, environment

Kata Kunci : kampung urban marginal kumuh, multidimensional, perkembangan anak, community housing, komunitas, lingkungan