Analisis Perilaku Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Stunting dengan Pendekatan Health Action Model (HAM) di Kecamatan Seram Utara Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Provinsi Maluku
Dewi Syitra Rumadaul, Dr. Supriyati, S.Sos.,M.Kes.; Erlin Erlina.,S.Pi.,MA.,P.hD.
2024 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat
Latar belakang: Indonesia
menargetkan prevalensi stunting 14% pada tahun 2024. Berbagai program konvergensi
telah diimplementasikan, namun prevalensi stunting di Provinsi Maluku
masih cukup tinggi, yakni 26,1%. Salah satu kendala adalah perilaku masyarakat
yang tidak sehat. Agar dapat mengoptimalkan perilaku sehat masyarakat,
khususnya dalam mencegah dan mengendalikan stunting, dibutuhkan suatu
analisis mendalam terkait perilaku tersebut,
serta peran aktor kunci yang
terlibat dalam pelaksanaan program di tingkat masyarakat.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku
pencegahan dan pengendalian stunting di Desa Sawai, Kecamatan Seram
Utara, Provinsi Maluku dengan menggunakan pendekatan Health Action Model (HAM).
Metode: Penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus ini
dilakukan pada bulan April 2024. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi dan
wawancara terhadap 25 partisipan yang dipilih secara purposive, meliputi 16 partisipan
utama (ibu hamil, orang tua dan caregiver
yang memiliki anak usia 0-2 tahun), dan 9 partisipan pendukung (petugas
kesehatan, pemerintah desa, dan kader). Analisis data menggunakan framework analysis dan dibantu software
Opencode versi 4.03.
Hasil: Perilaku pencegahan dan pengendalian stunting di Desa Sawai melibatkan
berbagai pihak, termasuk petugas kesehatan, kader, pemerintah desa dan
masyarakat. Petugas kesehatan memantau tumbuh kembang anak di posyandu dan PMT,
sementara pemerintah desa fokus pada bantuan biaya persalinan dan PMT. Masyarakat
menunjukkan perilaku yang mendukung upaya tersebut, meskipun lebih
terfokus pada menjaga kesehatan secara umum. Sejalan dengan hal tersebut, sistem
yang membentuk niat perilaku masyarakat berfokus pada kesehatan anak adalah
prioritas. Sedangkan faktor pengetahuan, dan keterampilan dalam pencegahan stunting terbatas pada upaya pemenuhan
nutrisi anak, serta terdapat pengaruh aspek sosial ekonomi, dan budaya yang menimbulkan
stigma negatif tentang stunting di Desa
Sawai.
Kesimpulan: Perilaku pencegahan dan pengendalian stunting di Desa Sawai menunjukkan keterlibatan berbagai pihak, namun belum optimal. Diperlukan model intervensi perubahan perilaku yang komprehensif sesuai kerangka HAM, dan revitalisasi posyandu oleh pemerintah desa untuk meningkatkan partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam upaya tersebut.
Background: Indonesia targets a stunting prevalence of 14% by
2024. Various convergence programmes have been implemented, but the prevalence
of stunting in Maluku Province is still quite high at 26.1%. One of the
obstacles is the unhealthy behaviour of the community. In order to optimise
healthy community behaviours, especially in preventing and controlling
stunting, an in-depth analysis of these behaviours is needed, as well as the
role of key actors involved in programme implementation at the community level.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze stunting
prevention and control behavior in Sawai Village, North Seram District, Maluku
Province, using the Health Action Model (HAM) approach.
Methods: This qualitative research study, using
a case study approach, was conducted in April 2024. Data were collected through
observation and interviews with 25 purposively selected participants, including
16 main participants (pregnant women, parents, and caregivers who have children
aged 0-2 years) and 9 supporting participants (health workers, village
government, and cadres). Data were analyzed using framework analysis and
assisted by Opencode software version 4.03.
Results: Stunting prevention and control
behaviours in Sawai Village involve various parties, including health workers,
cadres, village government and the community. Health workers monitor children's
growth and development at posyandu and providing supplementary food, while the
village government focuses on assistance with maternity costs and providing
supplementary food. The community exhibits behaviour that supports these
efforts, although it is more focused on maintaining general health. In line
with this, the systems that shape community behavioural intentions focus on
children's health as a priority. Meanwhile, knowledge and skills factors in
stunting prevention are limited to efforts to fulfil children's nutrition, and
there is an influence of socio-economic and cultural aspects that cause
negative stigma about stunting in Sawai Village.
Conclusion: The behavior of stunting prevention and control in Sawai Village shows the involvement of various parties, but not yet optimal. A comprehensive behavior change intervention model is needed according to the HAM framework, as well as the revitalization of posyandu by the village government to increase active community participation in these efforts.
Kata Kunci : Stunting Prevention and Control Behavior, Health Action Model (HAM)