Pengaruh Modal Sosial terhadap Penerapan Sistem Pertanian Padi Organik di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Ahmad Ghozali, Prof. Dr. Ir. Sunarru Samsi Hariadi, M.S.; Dr. Dyah Woro Untari, S.P., M.P.

2024 | Tesis | S2 Penyuluhan dan Komunikasi Pembangunan

Permasalahan kelangkaan dan kenaikan harga pupuk kimia di Indonesia telah mendorong perilaku petani untuk menerapkan sistem pertanian padi organik secara kolektif yang digerakkan oleh adanya modal sosial serta atribut modal manusia petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis secara deskriptif perilaku petani dalam penerapan sistem pertanian organik padi di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, serta (2) menganalisis hubungan modal sosial dan modal manusia serta pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku petani. Modal sosial yang diteliti terdiri dari jaringan sosial, kepercayaan sosial, dan norma sosial serta modal manusia yang diteliti terdiri dari pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori medan (Lewin, 1939), teori perilaku terencana (Ajzen, 1991), serta teori modal sosial (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1993). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta menggunakan metode dasar deskriptif analitik dan eksplanatif melalui pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 150 responden petani padi organik yang dipilih menggunakan metode proportional random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa modal sosial meliputi jaringan sosial berada pada ketegori sering sebesar 72,73%; kepercayaan sosial berada pada ketegori sangat percaya sebesar 88,14%; dan norma sosial berada pada ketegori sangat sering sebesar 93,08%. Modal manusia meliputi pengetahuan berada pada ketegori sangat tahu sebesar 86,93%; sikap berada pada ketegori sangat setuju sebesar 88,40%; dan keterampilan berada pada ketegori sangat terampil sebesar 87,76%. Perilaku petani meliputi persiapan tanam berada pada ketegori sangat sering sebesar 81,67%; perawatan tanaman berada pada ketegori sering sebesar 71,51%; serta panen dan pasca panen berada pada ketegori sering sebesar 79,09%. Analisis data menggunakan metode Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) menyatakan bahwa: (1) modal sosial dan modal manusia saling berhubungan, (2) modal sosial berpengaruh positif terhadap perilaku petani dalam penerapan sistem pertanian organik, serta (3) modal manusia tidak berpengaruh terhadap perilaku petani dalam penerapan sistem pertanian organik. Modal sosial paling direfleksikan oleh kepercayaan sosial, modal manusia paling direfleksikan oleh pengetahuan, serta perilaku petani dalam penerapan sistem pertanian padi organik paling direfleksikan oleh panen dan pasca panen.

The problem of scarcity and rising prices of chemical fertilizers in Indonesia has encouraged farmers' behavior to implement organic rice farming systems collectively driven by the existence of social capital and human capital attributes of farmers. This study aims to: (1) descriptively analyze the behavior of farmers in implementing organic rice farming systems in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and (2) analyze the relationship between social capital and human capital and their influence on farmer behavior. The social capital studied consists of social networks, social trust, and social norms, and the human capital studied consists of knowledge, attitudes, and skills. The theories used in this study are field theory (Lewin, 1939), theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), and social capital theory (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1993). This research was conducted in the Special Region of Yogyakarta using basic descriptive analytic and explanatory methods through a quantitative approach. The sample in the study amounted to 150 respondents of organic rice farmers selected using proportional random sampling method. The results showed that social capital, including social networks, was in the frequent category of 72.73%; social trust was in the very trusting category of 88.14%; and social norms were in the very frequent category of 93.08%. Human capital includes knowledge in the highly knowledgeable category of 86.93%; attitudes in the highly agreeable category of 88.40%; and skills in the highly skilled category of 87.76%. Farmer behavior includes planting preparation, which is in the very frequent category of 81.67%; plant care, which is in the frequent category of 71.51%; and harvest and post-harvest, which are in the frequent category of 79.09%. Data analysis using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method states that: (1) social capital and human capital are interconnected; (2) social capital has a positive effect on farmer behavior in implementing organic farming systems; and (3) human capital has no effect on farmer behavior in implementing organic farming systems. Social capital is most reflected by social trust, human capital is most reflected by knowledge, and farmers' behavior in implementing organic rice farming systems is most reflected by harvest and post-harvest.

Kata Kunci : Modal Sosial, Modal Manusia, Perilaku Petani, Pertanian Padi Organik