Model Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat Selama Pandemi Covid-19 Di Kabupaten Gunungkidul Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta
Ika Afianita Suherningtyas, Dr. Agus Joko Pitoyo, S.Si., M.A.
2024 | Disertasi | S3 Geografi
Bencana pandemi Covid-19 yang terjadi mulai pada Bulan Maret 2020 menjadi salah satu bencana global dengan dampak ekonomi yang cukup signifikan. Penurunan pertumbuhan ekonomi mencapai -4,5% (global) dan -5,3% (nasional). Identifikasi kondisi ketahanan ekonomi perlu dilakukan sebagai upaya pengurangan risiko bencana, khususnya di Kabupaten Gunungkidul sebagai salah satu lokasi terdampak Covid-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat selama pandemi Covid-19 di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, (2) membangun model ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat selama pandemi Covid-19 di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, (3) menganalisis tingkat persebaran ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat selama pandemi Covid-19 di Kabupaten Gunungkidul.
Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan mix method dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Lokasi penelitian dipilih secara cluster sampling berdasarkan karaktersitik bentuklahan yang dimiliki mencakup bentuklahan pegunungan struktural di Kecamatan Gedangsari, bentuklahan perbukitan karst di Kecamatan Tepus, bentuklahan dataran tinggi karst di Kecamatan Wonosari, dan bentuklahan aluvial pantai di Kecamatan Girisubo. Responden adalah rumah tangga yang dipilih secara probability sampling sebanyak 382
responden. Pengambilan data kuantitatif dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dengan pengolahan data menggunakan software SPSS. Proses pengambilan data kualitatif menggunakan pendekatan AHP (Analytical Hirarcy Process) melalui in-depth interview dengan para ahli dari bidang akademik, swasta, pemerintah, dan kebijakan. Hasil persebaran tingkat persebaran ekonomi secara spasial dilakukan dengan proses pemetaan menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografi. Analisis hasil penelitian dilakukan secara
deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) faktor-faktor penyusun ketahanan ekonomi dapat diidenfikasi dengan mempertimbangkan enam faktor yaitu kondisi sosial ekonomi, infrastruktur, peran pemerintah, komunitas, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, dan sumberdaya alam. Hasil uji statistik data menunjukkan nilai Product Moment Pearson Corelation Sig.(2-tailed) sebesar 0,000 < 0> 0,60 sehingga data yang diperoleh valid dan reliabel, (2) model ketahanan ekonomi dapat dibangun dengan rumus matematis untuk mengetahui indeks ketahanan ekonomi atau economic resilience index (ERI) dengan nilai bobot 0,283 untuk sosial ekonomi, bobot 0,179 untuk peran pemerintah, bobot 0,166 untuk pemanfaatan teknologi informasi, bobot 0,139 untuk sumberdaya alam, 0,118 untuk komunitas, dan 0,112 untuk infrastruktur (3) persebaran tingkat ketahanan ekonomi bervariasi pada setiap lokasi penelitian dengan klas tinggi, klas sedang, dan klas rendah. Kondisi ketahanan ekonomi dengan kondisi bentuklahan juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan arah hubungan yang positif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat selama pandemi Covid-19 dapat dibangun dengan menggunakan pendekatan geografi, temuan ini dapat menambah khasanah ilmu pengetahuan dalam ketahanan ekonomi untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan
The Covid-19 pandemic disaster that occurred in March 2020 became one of the global disasters with a significant economic impact. The decline in economic growth reached - 4.5% (global) and -5.3% (national). Identification of economic resilience conditions needs to be carried out as an effort to reduce disaster risk, especially in Gunungkidul Regency as one of the locations affected by Covid-19. This study aims to: (1) identify the factors of community economic resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic in Gunungkidul Regency, (2) build a model of community economic resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic in Gunungkidul Regency, (3) analyze the level of distribution of community economic resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic in Gunungkidul Regency.
The research method uses a mix method approach with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research location was selected by cluster sampling based on the characteristics of the landforms including structural mountainous landforms in Gedangsari District, karst hilly landforms in Tepus District, karst highland landforms in Wonosari
District, and coastal alluvial landforms in Girisubo District. The respondents were households selected by probability sampling of 382 respondents. Quantitative data collection was carried out by interviews using questionnaires with data processing using SPSS software. The qualitative data collection process uses the AHP (Analytical Hirarcy Process) approach through in-depth interviews with experts from academia, the private sector, government, and policy. The results of the spatial distribution of the economic distribution rate were carried out by the mapping process using the Geographic Information System. The analysis of the research results was carried out in a qualitative and quantitative descriptive manner.
The results of the study show that: (1) the factors that make up economic resilience can be identified by considering six factors, namely socio-economic conditions, infrastructure, the role of the government, communities, the use of information and communication technology, and natural resources. The results of the statistical test showed that the Pearson Corelation Sig.(2-tailed) Product Moment value was 0.000 < 0> 0.60 so that the data obtained was valid and reliable, (2) the economic resilience model can be built with a mathematical formula to determine the economic resilience index (ERI) with a weight value of 0.283 for socio-economy, 0.179 for the role of government, 0.166 for the use of information technology, 0.139 for natural resources, 0.118 for the community, and 0.112 for infrastructure (3) the distribution of economic resilience levels varies in each research location with high, medium, and low class. The condition of economic resilience and the condition of land form also have a significant relationship with the direction of a positive relationship. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the model of community economic resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic can be built using a geographical approach, this finding can add to the scientific treasure in economic resilience for sustainable development.
Kata Kunci : Bencana, Covid-19, Ketahanan Ekonomi, Pemodelan, Pendekatan Geografi,Covid-19, Disasters, Economic Resilience, Geographic Approach, Modeling
