Struktur keruangan pariwisata di kawasan inti Bandung Raya

MARYANI, Enok, Promotor Prof.Dr. A.J. Suhardjo, MA

2004 | Disertasi | S3 MIPA

Pariwisata merupakan kebutuhan manusia, karena manusia mempunyai naluri ingin melihat kenyataan (sense of reality), mempunyai minat (sense of interest), selalu ingin tahu (sense of curiousity), dan menemukan (sense of discovery) serta menyelidiki (sense of inquiry). Kebutuhan pariwisata baik untuk tujuan refreshing, rilaksasi, hiburan, maupun pengayaan diri, akan semakin meningkat pada saat semakin padat dan sibuknya jam kerja. Meningkatnya kebutuhan pariwisata harus diantisipasi melalui kaji potensi dan penataan kawasan wisata. Penelitian ini mengkaji “Struktur Keruangan Pariwisata di Inti Bandung Raya”, khususnya menganalisis potensi kepariwisataan, mengidentifikasi karakter wisatawan (segmentasi wisatawan), menemukan faktor yang mempengaruhi perbedaan kunjungan wisatawan di tiap kawasan yang ada di Inti Bandung Raya dan menemukan strategi pengembangan kawasan wisata yang sesuai dengan potensi dan segmen wisatawan. Untuk menjawab masalah penelitian tersebut, dilakukan analisis kebijakan untuk mengetahui arah dan strategi pengembangan pariwisata, analisis kawasan melalui data sekunder, analisis penawaran (objek wisata) melalui observasi, dan untuk mengetahui kemenarikan, dan segmentasi wisatawan dilakukan wawancara kepada 300 orang responden wisatawan. Sampel objek wisata diambil secara non probability sampling dengan mempertimbangkan keberadaan dan variasi objek wisata. Karena populasi tidak diketahui, hanya dapat diamati dari jumlah kunjungan tahun yang lalu maka wisatawan diambil secara accidental sampling. Data yang telah terkumpul diolah dengan mempergunakan analisis deskriptif, persentase, tabulasi silang, pembobotan, penskalaan, chi kuadrat, korelasi dan analisis faktor. Penyebaran objek wisata di Inti Bandung Raya cenderung mengelompok Di Kota Bandung berbasis budaya dan di Kabupaten Bandung berbasis alam. Objek antarkawasan homogen, sehingga wisatawan cenderung datang ke salah satu kawasan saja. Berdasarkan kawasan, Bandung Utara, Bandung Selatan Ciwidey, Bandung Kota, Bandung Selatan Pangalengan, Bandung Barat dan Bandung Timur, secara berurutan sebagai kawasan potensial sampai kurang potensial. Responden wisatawan ke Inti Bandung Raya termasuk usia produktif, tujuan refreshing, rileksasi dan hiburan, termasuk katagori GIT (Group Independent Traveler), allosentris-mid centris, lama perjalanan < 24 jam, jalanjalan, sightseeing dan belanja menjadi aktivitas utamanya. Pola wisata ganda dan lamanya di objek wisata antara 3 sampai 4 jam. Banyaknya wisatawan dipengaruhi oleh fasilitas wisata dan konektivitas. Keberadaan dan kemenarikan objek bukan faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi banyaknya wisatawan berkunjung ke suatu kawasan. Pariwisata minat khusus merupakan jenis pariwisata yang ideal untuk dikembangkan. Variasi objek khususnya atraksi kesenian dan variasi aktivitas wisata menjadi prioritas dalam pengembangannya sehingga dapat memunculkan sense of place pada tiap kawasan. Pembenahan transportasi merupakan kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari penataan objek wisata khususnya mengatasi kemacetan lalu lintas dan keterlintasan. Konsep dan teori regionalisasi khususnya dalam pariwisata perlu dikembangkan mengingat heterogenitas, baik objek maupun variasi kegiatan sangat penting dalam pengembangan pariwisata.

Tourism has been one of the human needs because of people’s instinct to sense of interest, sense of reality, sense of discovery, sense curiosity and sense of inquiry. Tourism for refreshing, recreation, entertainment or self-enrichment activities are increasing with the presence of tight and busy working schedule. The growing needs for tourism should be anticipated by reviewing potentials and spatial management of tourism destinations. This study attempts to evaluate the Tourism Spatial Structure at Greater Bandung Region, particularly to investigate the tourism potentials, to identify tourist characters (tourist segmentation), to find out factors affecting the differences of visitors at tourism destination at Greater Bandung Region, and to formulate strategy for developing tourism area based on the tourism potential and segmentation. In responding the problem of the study, policy analysis, secondary data analysis and supply analysis (tourism object) by observation were carried out. To understand the attractiveness and segmentation of the tourists, interviews were carried out for 326 respondents. Tourism object sampling was taken by nonprobability sampling, taking into account the presence and variation of the tourism objects. Since the population of total number of visitors were unknown, the tourist samples were taken by accidental sampling. The data collected were processed using descriptive analysis, cross-tabulation, weighing, scaling, chi-square, correlation, and factor analysis. The tourism object distribution in study area reveals concentric pattern. Bandung City shows culture-based development, and Bandung Regency concentrates on nature-based tourism. The inter-region objects were homogeneous so that the tourists only visited a single region. North Bandung Region, Ciwidey, Bandung City, Pangalengan, West Bandung and East Bandung Region are potential regions respectively. The respondents touring to Greater Bandung Region were in the category of productive age and they visited the region for refreshing, recreation and entertainment purposes. The visitors are considered as GIT (Group Independent Traveler), allocentric-mid centric, travel duration less than 24 hours. Visits sightseeing and shopping are their main activities. They have multipurpose travel, and spent their time at the tourism objects between 3 to 4 hours. Tourism facilities and connectivity affects the big number tourists. The presence and attractiveness of tourism are not dominant in affecting the tourists in choosing their destination. Special interest tourism is one of the tourism activities that should ideally be developed. Various objects, especially culture shows and many tourism activities, will be emphasized in its development in order to elicit the sense of place at each area. The improvement of transportation are prerequisite and cannot be separated from tourism object management especially in solving the problems of traffic congestion and accessibility. Theories, concepts and methodology in tourism regionalization need to be developed, because heterogenous and variation objects as well as activities are very important in tourism.

Kata Kunci : Pariwisata,Struktur Keruangan, Spatial Structure, tourist segmentation, special interest tourism, and Greater Bandung Region