Migrasi internasional dan pembangunan daerah :: Studi tentang pemanfaatan remitan pada pembangunan sekala mikro di daerah asal migran

HARIS, Abdul, Promotor Prof.Dr. Ida Bagoes Mantra

2004 | Disertasi | S3 Kependudukan

Studi ini merupakan upaya memahami fenomena migrasi orang Sasak asal Lombok Timur khususnya ke Malaysia, dan bagaimana aktvitas migrasi internasional ditempatkan dalam kebijakan-kebijakan pembangunan daerah setempat. Di samping itu, penelitian ini juga dilakukan untuk memahami bagaimana kontribusi migrasi internasional dalam proses pembangunan lokal yang dilaksanakan. Lokasi penelitian di lakukan di kabupaten Lombok Timur dengan sampel di kecamatan Pringgasela, kecamatan Masbagik, kecamatan Keruak, dan kecamatan Sakra. Daerah-daerah ini dipilih sebagai sampel karena secara statistik daerah-daerah tersebut termasuk kantong-kantong migrasi internasional paling potensial di wilayah Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk, mengkaji peran migrasi internasional sebagai strategi ekonomi alternatif oleh migran dan keluarganya di dalam menghadapi tekanan-tekanan ekonomi yang dihadapi di daerah asal, di samping untuk mengkaji dan mengidentifikasi pengaruh migrasi internasional terhadap keberhasilan pembangunan daerah khususnya daerah asal migran. Adapun Observasi terlibat merupakan salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mendalami fenomena yang dianggap penting dalam aktivitas penelitian yang dilakukan. Di samping itu, untuk memperoleh pemahaman dan hasil studi yang lebih komprehensif, maka studi kualitatif melalui serangkaian wawancara mendalam, diskusi kelompok terfokus (FGD) dan pengamatan terlibat terutama terhadap migran internasional dan keluarganya merupakan pilihan metodologis yang dianggap mampu memberikan dukungan data analisis lebih maksimal. Namun demikian, sangat disadari bahwa keterbatasan data formal mengenai migrasi internasional asal Nusa Tenggara Barat dan terutama asal Lombok Timur menjadi pertimbangan tersendiri sehingga penggunaan data survei pun dilakukan dengan pertimbangan yang hati-hati. Berdasarkan rangkaian penelitian yang dilakukan, paling kurang ditemukan ada tiga kondisi yang mendorong migran pekerja orang Sasak dari Lombok Timur mengambil keputusan melakukan aktivitas di luar wilayahnya. Ketiga kondisi tersebut adalah, kemiskinan, rendahnya kesempatan kerja dan rendahnya tingkat upah persatuan tenaga kerja. Rendahnya kemampuan pemerintah daerah untuk menginisiasi kesempatan kerja baru bagi banyak tenaga kerjanya juga menjadi faktor penting yang mendorong berlangsungnya aktivitas migrasi dalam jumlah yang relatif besar. Pertumbuhan angkatan kerja yang tidak sebanding dengan pertumbuhan kesempatan kerja mendorong terjadinya penganggungan terbuka maupun setengah pengangguran di daerah asal. Hal ini menyebabkan munculnya rasa perustrasi di kalangan kelompok penduduk usia kerja yang pada gilirannya mendorong kelompok tersebut mencari alternatif sendiri yang dianggap lebih baik.

This study was an effort to understand the Sasak people migration phenomena to Malaysia and how those activities were placed in the local development policies. This study was also done to understand its contribution in development process. This research was done in East Lombok and some sub-districts have been taken as area research sample, such as Pringgasela, Masbagik, Keruak and Sakra. These areas were chosen because statistically, were the most potential international migration sources in East Lombok and Lombok island in general. This study mainly employs the methods of participative observation and in-depth interview of the key informants in the process of data collecting. In addition, data was collected through a survey of international migration which thus complemented on the qualitative research. The qualitative method are used in this research to have an insight into the issues that are qualitative in nature, which maybe glossed over by quantita tive methods such as survey. It can thus be said that qualitative method were employed to have an in-depth understanding of the issues that from the core of this research. Based on this research, there are three conditions that force the Sasak people migrate from their area of origin to Malaysia, e.g.: poverty, lack of opportunity and low wage compare to destination country. The disability of local government to create new opportunity has become a main factor in all of the migration process. The increasing of employment growth that unbalanced with the growth of opportunity also create open unemployment and under unemployment at the origin. This fact caused frustration among those of productive age that pushed them to get a better alternative of their own. The other facts shows of migrant workers’ contribution in local economic development. The Increasing of economic activities and local treading, workers substitution from farm to non farm are the real phenomenon that can be seen as their contribution in the whole of development process. At the macro level, migrants’ contribution has created new opportunity to improve economic activities. This phenomenon wills causes local capital that has been dominated by specific group such as labour agents, and “calos” (middlemen). However, it can’t denied that the involve of Sasaknese migrants to create balance local labour market, specifically in their origin also create a new polarization based on classical reasons such as skill and training. Finally its cannot avoid that the polarization will create differentiation based on skill and working status. Furthermore, these facts will create broader opportunity and labour market competition in formal and informal sector that motivate small and medium economic activities at the origin.

Kata Kunci : Migrasi Internasional,Pembangunan Daerah Asal