Aplikasi Isolat Jamur Anaerobik dari Rumen dan Kotoran Hewan Ternak pada Produksi Asam Lemak Volatil dari Jerami Padi dan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit

Melati Kusumawardani, Dr. Ir. Muhammad Nur Cahyanto, M.Sc; Rachma Wikandari, S.T.P., M.Biotech., Ph.D

2024 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan

Asam Lemak Volatil (ALV) terdiri atas satu hingga tujuh rantai karbon, umumnya diperoleh dari industri petrokimia. Pada penelitian ini ALV dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi gelap dengan memanfaatkan limbah lignoselulosa berupa jerami padi (JP) dan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan bantuan jamur anaerobik. Jamur anaerobik terlebih dahulu diisolasi dari rumen sapi Bali (SB) dan sapi Ongole (SO), kotoran sapi peranakan Holstein (PSH), kotoran kerbau (Ker) dan kambing peranakan Ettawa (PKE). Masing-masing isolat jamur anaerobik diamati karakteristik morfologinya. Jamur anaerobik kemudian diinokulasikan ke dalam medium jamur anaerobik yang berisi jerami padi dan tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan diinkubasi selama 27 hari. Selama fermentasi diamati aktivitas enzim (sebagai CMCase), produksi ALV dan komposisi gas dalam head space. Pada akhir fermentasi diamati juga penurunan bahan kering dan pengurangan komposisi lignoselulosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada kedua substrat, kelima isolate jamur anaerobik memiliki aktivitas CMCase dan dapat melakukan dark fermentation. Pada JP isolat SB-5 memproduksi ALV tertinggi, sedangkan produksi tertinggi pada TKKS oleh isolat PSH-2. Hidrogen tidak dihasilkan oleh isolate Isolate Ker-1 pada substrat JP. Sedangkan pada TKKS, isolate SO-2 tidak menghasilkan hidrogen. Kelima isolate mengalami perubahan kandungan lignoselulosa. Pada JP dan TKKS isolate SB-5 dan PSH-2 memiliki kandungan lignoselulosa terakhir terendah berturut-turut.

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) consist of one to seven carbon chains, generally obtained from the petrochemical industry. In this study, ALV was produced through a dark fermentation process by utilizing lignocellulose waste in the form of rice straw (RS) and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB), with the help of anaerobic fungi. Anaerobic fungi were first isolated from the rumen of Balinese cattle (SB) and Ongole cattle (SO), feces of Holstein crossbreed cattle (PSH), buffalo (Ker) and Ettawa crossbreed goat (PKE). Each anaerobic fungal isolate was observed to have its morphological characteristics. The anaerobic fungus is then inoculated into an anaerobic fungi medium containing RS and OPEFB and incubated for 27 days. During fermentation, the activity of enzymes (as CMCase), the production of ALV and the composition of the gas in the head space are observed. At the end of fermentation, a decrease in dry matter and a reduction in lignocellulose composition are also observed. The results showed that on both substrates, the five isolates had CMCase activity and could perform dark fermentation. In JP, SB-5 isolate produced the highest ALV, while the highest production in OPEFB was by PSH-2 isolate. Hydrogen is not produced by Isolate Ker-1 on JP substrates. Meanwhile, in OPEFB, SO-2 isolate does not produce hydrogen. The fifth isolate underwent changes in lignocellulose content. In RS and OPEFB, SB-5 and PSH-2 isolate had the lowest lignocellulosic content in the end of fermentation in a row.

Kata Kunci : Asam Lemak Volatil, Jamur Anaerobik, Jerami Padi, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit