Konsistensi Konstitusi Formal dan Ajudikasi Konstitusional Terhadap Prerogatif Presiden di Indonesia

Muhammad Rm Fayasy Failaq, Dr. Zainal Arifin Mochtar, SH., LLM.

2024 | Tesis | S2 Magister Hukum

Prerogatif presiden sebagai sebuah konsep dari kewenangan presiden  yang diperdebatkan keberadaan pengaturanya dapat ditemukan pada konstitusi formal dan ajudikasi konstitusional demi kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: Pertama, memahami prerogatif presiden dalam konstitusi formal berdasarkan original intent. Kedua, memahami prerogatif presiden dalam ajudikasi konstitusional di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Ketiga, mengetahui konsistensi antara keduanya terkait prerogatif presiden di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan kasus, pendekatan historis, dan pendekatan konseptual. Adapun kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah: Pertama, berdasarkan original intent konstitusi formal, prerogatif diartikan sebagai kewenangan presiden dalam sistem presidensial dalam Pasal 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, dan 17 UUD 1945 yang dijalankan berdasarkan pembatasan berupa pertimbangan, persetujuan, dan diatur dalam undang-undang. Kedua, berdasarkan ajudikasi konstitusional pada majority opinion di Mahkamah Konstitusi, prerogatif ditafsirkan berkarakter hak konstitusional, hak istimewa, tidak disebut diksi prerogatif secara eksplisit dalam UUD, mandiri, dan dilakukan dengan pembatasan. Ketiga, antara ide dalam original intent konstitusi formal dan ratio decidendi dalam ajudikasi konstitusional, prerogatif diartikan secara konsisten dengan pengembangan berupa kewenangan prerogatif tidak hanya yang ada dalam UUD, melainkan yang berdasarkan UUD, serta adanya karakter mandiri yang tidak pernah dibahas dalam original intent prerogatif presiden. Sekalipun konsisten, terdapat disparitas dalam kategori kewenangan prerogatif, sebab Mahkamah Konstitusi baru memvalidasi kewenangan Pasal 10 (pengangkatan Panglima TNI), Pasal 13 (Grasi), dan Pasal 17 (Pengangkatan Menteri) sebagai prerogatif, sementara menghadirkan prerogatif Pengangkatan Kapolri serta Pengangkatan Jaksa Agung sebagai kategori baru yang tidak pernah dibahas dalam amandemen UUD.

Presidential prerogative as a concept whose existence is debated in its regulation as presidential authorities can be found in the formal constitution and constitutional adjudication for the sake of legal certainty. This research aims to: First, understand the president's prerogatives in the formal constitution based on original intent. Second, understand the president's prerogatives in constitutional adjudication at the Constitutional Court. Third, knowing the consistency between the two regarding presidential prerogatives in Indonesia. This research is legal research with a case approach, historical approach and conceptual approach. The conclusions obtained are: First, based on the original intent of the formal constitution, prerogative is defined as the authority of the president in the presidential system in Articles 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 17 of the 1945 Constitution which is exercised based on restrictions in the form of consideration, approval and regulated in law. Second, based on constitutional adjudication in the majority opinion at the Constitutional Court, prerogatives are assessed with the character of constitutional rights, special privileges, are not explicitly mentioned in prerogative diction in the Constitution, are independent, and are carried out with restrictions. Third, between the ideas in the original intent of the formal constitution and the ratio decidendi in constitutional adjudication, prerogative is interpreted consistently with the development of prerogative authority not only in the Constitution, but also based on the Constitution, as well as the existence of an independent character which was never discussed in the original intent of the presidential prerogative . Even though it is consistent, there is a disparity in the category of prerogative authority, because the Constitutional Court has only validated the authority of Article 10 (appointment of the TNI Commander), Article 13 (Clemency), and Article 17 (Appointment of Ministers) as prerogatives, while presenting the prerogatives for the Appointment of the National Police Chief and the Appointment of the Attorney General as a new category that was never discussed in the amendments to the Constitution.

Kata Kunci : Ajudikasi Konstitusional, Konstitusi Formal, Original Intent, Prerogatif Presiden