Analisis Pengembangan Smart Village di Indonesia

Anindya Puteri Eka Susilowati, Prof. Dr. Rini Rachmawati, S.Si., M.T.; Prof. Dr. R. Rijanta, M.Sc

2024 | Tesis | S2 Geografi

Pembangunan desa menjadi agenda pembangunan nasional yang diprioritaskan seiring dengan ditetapkannya UU Desa pada tahun 2014. Pembangunan desa melalui implementasi smart village dinilai relevan dengan berkembangnya zaman dan majunya teknologi yang pesat. Sudah banyak desa yang dikembangkan sebagai smart village di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi, persebaran, dan ragam smart village, mengeksplorasi faktor pembentuk konsep smart village, dan menganalisis pengembangan smart village berdasarkan ragam, faktor, tipologi, serta dalam mendukung smart city di Indonesia. Penelitian berlokasi di wilayah negara Indonesia dengan unit analisis desa. Data lokasi smart village dihimpun dari regulasi Kementerian Desa PDTT RI dan web browsing literatur di internet. Faktor pembentuk konsep smart village dieksplorasi dari data Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2021 menggunakan analisis faktor dan diuji korelasi dengan nilai Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) tahun 2023. Analisis pengembangan smart village didasarkan pada temuan empiris dari pengolahan data statistik dan tinjauan pustaka secara sistematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 1.424 desa yang dikembangkan sebagai smart village di Indonesia, dengan persebaran lokasi yang membentuk pola mengelompok. Berdasarkan inisiasi pengembangannya, smart village di Indonesia dibedakan menjadi 7 ragam, yakni Desa Cerdas Fase I, Desa Cerdas Fase II, inisiasi pemerintah daerah, inisiasi pemerintah desa, inisiasi perguruan tinggi, riset akademik, dan kerja sama swasta. Dari 12 variabel dari Podes yang dieksplorasi, terbentuk 5 faktor pembentuk konsep smart village, meliputi Faktor Penggunaan Sistem Informasi dalam Pemerintahan, Faktor Partisipasi Masyarakat, Faktor Animo Masyarakat Terhadap TIK, Faktor Kepemimpinan, dan Faktor Ketersediaan Akses Komunikasi. Faktor-faktor tersebut memiliki hubungan yang rendah dengan nilai IDM, tetapi korelasinya signifikan dan positif. Konsep smart village memberikan keuntungan yang lebih besar dalam mendukung pembangunan desa di luar Pulau Jawa. Tipologi smart village menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar smart village di Indonesia termasuk dalam tingkat pengembangan rendah. Faktor Penggunaan Sistem Informasi dalam Pemerintahan dan Faktor Animo Masyarakat terhadap TIK dapat dioptimalkan untuk meningkatkan pengembangan smart village di Indonesia. Pengembangan smart village di Indonesia cenderung bersifat top-down dengan inisiasi berasal dari pemerintah pusat dan daerah. Implementasi smart village di Indonesia perlu dilakukan untuk membangun keterhubungan antara desa dan kota, mendorong kemandirian desa, dan mendukung implementasi smart city secara sinergis melalui penguatan ekonomi dan integrasi pelayanan berbasis digital. Pengembangan smart village di Indonesia sebagian besar telah dilaksanakan pada aspek tata kelola pemerintahan. Dimensi smart village untuk mendukung smart city di Indonesia terdiri atas dimensi masyarakat, teknologi, kelembagaan, dan potensi sumber daya desa.

After the Village Law was enacted in 2014, village development became a top priority on the national development agenda. With the current rapid expansion of technology, the adoption of smart village for village development is deemed relevant. In Indonesia, numerous villages have been transformed into smart villages. This study aims to identify location, distribution, and variety of smart village, explore the determining factors of the smart village concept, and examine how smart village have developed in Indonesia in relation to variety, factors, typology, and support for smart city. The research is located in Indonesia with village as analysis unit. Data on the location of smart village was collected from the regulations of the Ministry of Villages and web browsing of literature on the internet. Determining factor of smart village concept were explored from 2021 Village Potential data using factor analysis and tested for correlation with the 2023 Village Development Index value. Analysis of smart village development is based on empirical findings from statistical data processing and systematic literature review. The findings indicate that 1.424 Indonesian villages have been implemented as smart village, with the distribution of locations forming a clustered pattern. Based on the development initiation, smart village in Indonesia can be divided into 7 varieties: Smart Village Phase I, Smart Village Phase II, local government initiation, village government initiation, university initiation, academic research, and private cooperation. From the 12 variables from Podes that were explored, 5 factors were formed: the Use of Information Systems in Government, Community Participation, Community Interest in ICT, Leadership, and Communication Access Availability. These factors have a low correlation with the Village Development Index value, but positive and significant. Smart village concept provides greater advantages in supporting village development outside Java. The smart village typology shows that most smart villages in Indonesia are in low development level. The Use of Information Systems in Government and Community Interest in ICT factors can be optimized to improve the development of smart villages in Indonesia. The development of smart village in Indonesia tends to be top-down with the initiation coming from the central and local governments. The goal of implementing smart village in Indonesia is to strengthen relationships between rural and urban areas, promote village autonomy, and work in line with smart city implementation to integrate digital services and boost the economy. The development of smart villages in Indonesia has mostly been implemented in smart governance. The smart village dimensions to support smart city in Indonesia consist of community, technology, institutional, and potential village resources. 

Kata Kunci : smart village, smart city, pembangunan desa, keterkaitan kota dan desa, Indonesia