Kajian Daya Dukung Lingkungan Berbasis Ekosistem Bentanglahan untuk Arahan Fungsi Ruang Wilayah Kepesisiran Kota Bengkulu

Median Tri Widyasana, Dr. Langgeng Wahyu Santosa, S.Si., M.Si.; Dr. Bowo Susilo, S.Si., MT.

2024 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Lingkungan

Perkembangan penduduk yang cepat di suatu daerah juga berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan pembangunan dan kebutuhan sumberdaya alam, tidak terlepas juga wilayah kepesisiran yang ikut terdampak dari kondisi ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik lingkungan pada wilayah kepesisiran serta mengkaji daya dukung lingkungan wilayah kepesisiran sehingga dapat merumuskan strategi pengelolaan lingkungan untuk mendukung kebijakan penataan ruang wilayah kepesisiran seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan pembangunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah kepesisiran Kota Bengkulu, Provinsi Bengkulu.

Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan jasa ekosistem untun menghitung daya dukung lingkungan wilayah kepesisiran Kota Bengkulu. Variabel yang digunakan untuk menghitung jasa ekosistem wilayah kepesisiran adalah ekosistem bentanglahan dan tutupan lahan wilayah kepesisiran Kota Bengkulu. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei dengan teknik stratified random sampling, cara analisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Perhitungan dan permodelan jasa ekosistem menggunakan program aplikasi ArcGIS 10.8 dan merumuskan strategi pengelolaan lingkungan dengan metode matriks.

Hasil penelitian didapati 10 satuan ekosistem bentanglahan yang merupakan dasar dalam kajian daya dukung lingkungan wilayah kepesisiran. Dari hasil pengamatan lapangan dan indikator kunci dapat diidentifikasi potensi yang terdiri dari: pertanian, perikanan tangkap dan budidaya, mangrove, pariwisata serta jasa kelautan, serta permasalahan yang terdiri dari: pencemaran limbah dan sampah, intrusi air laut, alih fungsi lahan, laju sedimentasi, erosi pantai, rawan bencana dan konflik sosial. Dari hasil perhitungan tersebut, didapatkan bahwa ekosistem zona pecah gelombang memiliki potensi P1 dan C3; ekosistem pantai dengan rataan terumbu memiliki potensi C2 dan C3; ekosistem pantai bergisik memiliki potensi C2 dan C3; ekosistem gisik penghalang memiliki potensi R1, R2, R3, C1, C3 dan S3; ekosistem beting gisik memiliki potensi P2, R2, R3, C1, C2, C3 dan S3; ekosistem rataan lumpur memiliki potensi P1, P3, P4, P5, R1, C2, C3, S3 dan S4; ekosistem laguna memiliki potensi P1, C2 dan C3; ekosistem estuary memiliki potensi P1, R2, C2 dan C3; ekosistem gosong sungai memiliki potensi P3, P4, P5, R1, R2, R3, C2, C3 dan S3; dan ekosistem dataran alluvial kepesisiran memiliki potensi P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, R2 dan C1.

The relationship between rapid population growth and demand for natural resources is reciprocal. This also applies to the coastal area. The aim of this research was to examine the environmental characteristics of coastal areas and examine the environmental carrying capacity of coastal areas so that environmental management strategies could be formulated to support spatial planning policies for coastal areas in line with increasing development needs. This research was conducted in the coastal area of Bengkulu City, Bengkulu Province.

The approach used in this research was the ecosystem services approach to calculate the environmental carrying capacity of the coastal areas of Bengkulu City. The variables used to calculate the ecosystem services of coastal areas were the landscape ecosystem and land cover of the coastal areas of Bengkulu City. The method used in this research was a survey method with stratified random sampling techniques, using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. Calculation and modeling of ecosystem services used were the ArcGIS 10.8 application program and formulating environmental management strategies using the matrix method.

The results of the research found that there were 10 landscape ecosystem units which were the basis for studying the environmental support capacity of coastal areas. From the results of field observations and key indicators, the potentials of the area that could be identified consisted of: agriculture, capture and cultivation fisheries, mangroves, tourism and marine services. In the contrary, these potentials were also accompanied by the problems such as waste and rubbish pollution, sea water intrusion, land conversion, sedimentation rates, coastal erosion, disaster proneness and social conflict. From the results of these calculations, it was found that the breaker zone ecosystem had P1 and C3 potential; coastal ecosystem with reef flats had C2 and C3 potential; the beach ecosystem had C2 and C3 potential; barrier beach ecosystem had potential R1, R2, R3, C1, C3 and S3; the beach ridge ecosystem had the potential for P2, R2, R3, C1, C2, C3 and S3; mud flat ecosystem had potential P1, P3, P4, P5, R1, C2, C3, S3 and S4; the lagoon ecosystem had P1, C2 and C3 potential; estuary ecosystem had the potential for P1, R2, C2 and C3; the sandbar area ecosystem had the potential of P3, P4, P5, R1, R2, R3, C2, C3 and S3; and the coastal alluvial plain ecosystem had the potential for P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, R2 and C1.

Kata Kunci : daya dukung lingkungan, ekosistem bentanglahan, jasa ekosistem, fungsi ruang, wilayah kepesisiran