Scoping Review: Intervensi Keterampilan Komunikasi Sosial Pada Anak Dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Di Indonesia

SARAH KARTIKA PRATIWI, Restu Tri Handoyo, S.Psi., M.Psi., Ph.D., Psikolog

2024 | Tesis | S2 Magister Profesi Psikologi

Abstrak. Review ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, memetakan, dan mendeskripsikan karakteristik ASD intervensi serta cakupan penelitian terkait intervensi yang berfokus pada keterampilan komunikasi anak dengan ASD di Indonesia. Digunakan pangkalan data internasional dan nasional peer-review; Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed Central, Garuda and Neliti. Didapatkan 42 artikel yang memenuhi syarat. Proses identifikasi, seleksi, penilaian, ekstraksi dan pemetaan informasi dilakukan secara independen oleh dua reviewer. Ditemukan hasil yang dipetakan dan dinarasikan untuk menjawab tujuan permasalahan review. Hasil review memberikan informasi yang bermanfaat untuk pengembangan program penanganan ASD di Indonesia. Intervensi komunikasi sosial ASD yang umum digunakan di Indonesia yaitu augmentative and alternative communication based therapy, terapi berbasis keperilakuan, social-skill-training based therapy, terapi berbasis perkembangan, play-based therapy, dan visual support based intervention. Tujuan intervensi komunikasi sosial ASD terdiri dari aspek dasar kemampuan komunikasi resiprokal, kemampuan komunikasi verbal, dan kemampuan komunikasi non-verbal. Tempat pelaksanaan intervensi populer yaitu sekolah oleh peneliti intervensi beserta guru. Intervensi minim dilakukan pada anak usia dini, minim dilaksanakan di rumah, dan minim melibatkan orangtua. Disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan intervensi cenderung tidak didasarkan pada penelitian yang berkualitas dan cenderung tidak menggunakan framework evidence-based practice. Hal ini menyebabkan hasil kualitas penelitian intervensi komunikasi sosial pada anak dengan ASD di Indonesia pun cenderung rendah. 

Abstract. The review aimed to identify, map, and describe the ASD intervention characteristics and the extent of current studies on ASD intervention targeting social communication skills for children in Indonesia. International and Indonesian national peer-reviewed databases were involved; Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed Central, Garuda, and Neliti. A total of 42 articles were eligible. Article identification, selection, appraisal, information extraction, and charting were conducted independently by two reviewers. Findings were mapped and narrated to address the review aims and provided valuable information to develop intervention programs in Indonesia. Common ASD social communication intervention implemented in Indonesia includes augmentative and alternative communication based therapy, behavioral based therapy, social-skill-training based therapy, developmental based therapy, play-based therapy, and visual support based intervention. Domain targets of ASD social communication interventions are two-way communication skills, verbal communication skills, and non-verbal communication skills. The most common intervention setting is at school with researchers and teachers acting as interventionists. The interventions rarely carried out in early childhood with lack of parents’ involvement at home. We found that many interventions are not based on solid research or evidence-based practices. As a result, the quality of research on social communication interventions for children with ASD in Indonesia is generally low.

Kata Kunci : ASD, autisme, Indonesia, intervensi, komunikasi, scoping, sosial