Gambaran Kejadian Alergi pada Anak Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Bantul berdasarkan Persepsi Masyarakat

LAILY HERAWATI, apt. Muhammad Novrizal Abdi Sahid, M.Eng., Ph.D ; apt. Anna Wahyuni Widayanti, MPH., Ph.D.

2024 | Skripsi | FARMASI

Alergi adalah respon sistem imun terhadap zat tertentu yang dianggap berbahaya yang peningkatan angka kejadiannya perlu diwaspadai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui angka kejadian alergi, faktor risiko, alergen penyebab, dan hubungannya dengan riwayat KIPI vaksinasi Covid-19 pada anak sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Bantul. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional dengan pendekatan potong silang (cross-sectional). Sampel diambil bulan Januari 2024 menggunakan metode cluster sampling dengan subjek penelitian adalah anak-anak berusia 7–13 tahun dari 5 sekolah dasar terpilih di Kabupaten Bantul. Responden yang terlibat adalah orang tua atau wali siswa yang mengisi kuesioner online melalui Google Form. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif, kemudian dilakukan analisis bivariat untuk melihat faktor risiko dan mengidentifikasi hubungan antara kecenderungan alergi dengan KIPI vaksin Covid-19. Hasil penelitian pada 154 subjek menunjukkan 78 subjek (50,60%) menderita alergi berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat. Jenis alergi yang paling sering dijumpai adalah alergi suhu sebanyak 35 subjek (35,40%), alergi debu 31 subjek (31,30%), dan alergi makanan/minuman 23 subjek (23,20%). Subjek laki-laki yang menderita alergi sebanyak 40 subjek (26,00%), sedangkan pada subjek perempuan angkanya sedikit lebih rendah yaitu 38 subjek (24,70%). Terdapat 49 subjek (31,80%) yang memiliki alergi dengan riwayat alergi pada keluarga inti dengan nilai Odds Ratio (OR) sebesar 3,25 dan Relative Risk (RR) sebesar 1,77. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat KIPI dengan riwayat alergi subjek.

Allergies are the immune system's response to certain substances that are considered dangerous, the increasing incidence of which needs to be watched out for. The aim of this research is to determine the incidence of allergies, risk factors, allergen causes, and their relationship with the history of AEFI for Covid-19 vaccination in elementary school children in Bantul Regency. This research uses an observational method with a cross-sectional approach (cross-sectional). Samples were taken in January 2024 using the method cluster sampling with research subjects being children aged 7–13 years from 5 selected elementary schools in Bantul Regency. The respondents involved are parents or guardians of students who fill out the online questionnaire through Google Form. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively, then bivariate analysis was carried out to look at risk factors and identify the relationship between allergic tendencies and the AEFI of the Covid-19 vaccine. The results of research on 154 subjects showed that 78 subjects (50.60%) suffered from allergies based on public perception. The types of allergies most frequently encountered were temperature allergies in 35 subjects (35.40%), dust allergies in 31 subjects (31.30%), and food/drink allergies in 23 subjects (23.20%). There were 40 male subjects who suffered from allergies (26.00%), while the number for female subjects was slightly lower, namely 38 subjects (24.70%). There were 49 subjects (31.80%) who had allergies with a history of allergies in the nuclear family with values Odds Ratio (OR) of 3.25 and Relative Risk (RR) of 1.77. There is no significant relationship between the history of KIPI and the subject's history of allergies.

Kata Kunci : Alergi, anak sekolah dasar, angka kejadian, alergen, riwayat vaksinasi