Enklave Sumbawa di Pulau Lombok :: Kajian linguistik diakronis

BURHANUDDIN, Dr. Inyo Yos Fernandez

2004 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

berupa perubahan fonem /i/ dalam DJ(SDLr) menjadi fonem /u/ dan /o/ dalam IDB yang disertai inovasi bersama secara leksikal. Adapun IKK secara kuantitatif memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan DT dan DJ dengan persentase kekerabatan masing-masing 83,64% dan 81,21%. Secara fonologis isolek ini mirip dengan DJ, sedangkan sejumlah leksikon menunjukkan kemiripan dengan DT. Adanya perbedaan yang bersifat korespondensi dan perbedan leksikon antara isolek-isolek itu dengan dialek/subdialek asal selain terkait dengan sifat kesemestaan bahasa yang selalu berkembang juga sebagai upaya penuturnya untuk berakomodasi dengan kondisi geografis dan sosial budaya setempat yang berbeda dengan daerah asal. Isolek-isolek Sumbawa di Pulau Lombok mendapat pengaruh dari BSas akibat adanya kontak para penuturnya. Pengaruh BSas terhadap keenam ISPL memiliki tingkat yang berbeda-beda, yakni pengaruh BSas terhadap IKT dan IKK berkategori kuat; dan IR, IKB, IDB, dan IS berkategori sedang. Perbedaan tingkat pengaruh BSas itu semata-semata tidak ditentukan oleh kondisi geografis tetapi juga terkait dengan faktor psikologis baik sikap bahasa (language attitude) maupun kepuasan hati (satisfaction) para penuturnya.

This writing attempts to study the diachronic linguistic aspect of Sumbawa isolects in island of Lombok found in the enclaves of Karang Taliwang, Kembang Kerang, Rempung, Kuang Berora, Dasan Baru, and Seran and particulary the relationships between the six isolects in Lombok enclaves either with the Sasak or with Sumbawa languages, the relationships between the isolects and dialects of the Sumbawa language, and the influence of the Sasak language on each isolect. The determination of the linguistic relationships either between the six Sumbawa isolects with the BSas and BS or with the six isolects and Sumbawa dialects are conducted in the framework of diachronic linguistic approach. The quantitative verification is used by lexicostatistic method and the qualitative is used by exclusively shared innovation method, through top-down reconstruction approach, comprised phonological and lexical levels. Meanwhile, the qualitative analysis through the intralingual comparison method, the equal-corelation comparison and differentiation correlation comparison techniques and the quantitative analysis, in which each of the analysis is aimed to explain the influences forms of and the degree of BSas influences towards the sixth of Sumbawa isolects. The qualitative inventions of this study are among others the existence of innovations within the form of PAN merger like : *- ay, *-∂y in ultimate position which become the ISPL, BSas, BS : /e/, and the substitution of PBSS : * d at ultimate sylabe which becomes the ISPL, BSas, BS : /t/ showing the evidence of close relationship among them. Further, the quantitatively ISPL have a closer relationship with BS than with BSas, in which the calculation reaches until 88,38% and 41,18%. The qualitatively the close relationship is marked by shared innovation /a/ in ISPL and BS corresponding to /∂/ in BSas at ultimate sylabe ending in consonant /t, p, l, m, n, r, η/ and there is also another innovation found by deletion of voice stop /d/ and /b/ from /-nd-/ and /-mb-/ in BSas become nasals of /-n-/ and /-m-/ in ISPL and BS, in which showing the closest relationship between ISPL and BS. IKT and IR are more closely related to DT(SDSt) whose range of percentage is 93,41% and 92,00%. Respectively these fact is supported by qualitative evidence in the form of phonological shared innovations IKT : /i, e/ and IR /i/ changed from DT(SDSt) /ì/ at ultimate sylabe ending in non-dorsovelar consonant. There are a number of lexical innovations that also support the phonological phenomena found as lexical shared innovations among them. Quantitatively IS has the closer relationship with DT(SDMr) in cognat percentage of 84,10%. Beside that, there are phonological shared innovations with are found as /i/ and also lexical shared innovation among them. IKB has closer relationship with DJ(SDBr) in cognate percentage of 90,00%. Qualitatively, it is found also that there are phonological share innovation /u/ and /o/ among them. More than that some lexical shared innovations are also found there. Qualitatively IDB has closer relationship with DJ(SDLr) in cognate percentage of 87,15%. The phonological shared innovations evidences are found also in the relationship of IDB : /i/, /o/ and /u/ changed from DJ(SDLR) : /i/ indicating closest relationship too. Meanwhile, quantitatively IKK is closer to DT and DJ with a number of cognate percentage for each : 83,64% and 81,21%. Phonologically this isolect is similar to DJ, while a couple similarities show the closer relationship with DT in lexicon level. There are evidences of different correspondency between isolects and their original dialects/subdialects a part from the relation to the developing of language universals behavior and also the effort of speakers in accommodating the geographical and social cultural conditions which is different from their original area. The Sumbawa isolects in Lombok got influences from the BSas as the results of their speakers’ contact. The influences of BSas towards the six Sumbawa isolects in Lombok have differences in degree, those are the BSas influences to IKT and IKK as strong category, to IR, IKB, IDB, and IS as average category. The difference of influence levels in BSas are determined by geographical conditions but also related to psychological factors, the speaker’s language attitude and their self-satisfaction.

Kata Kunci : Linguistik Diakronis,Isolek Sumbawa,Enklave Karang Taliwang