Analisis Karakteristik, Dinamika, dan Mekanisme Pergerakan Sistem Sesar Opak Berdasar Data Kegempaan Periode 2006 - 2021
Ayu Krisno Ekarsti, Dr. Eng. Ir. Agung Setianto, S.T., M.Si., IPM.; Ir. Gayatri Indah Marliyani, S.T., M.Sc. Ph.D.; Prof. Dr. Ir. Subagyo Pramumijoyo, DEA., IPU.; Prof. Ir. Dwikorita Karnawati, M.Sc., Ph.D.
2024 | Disertasi | S3 Teknik Geologi
Opak Fault are formed by long geological and tectonic evolution processes. The existence of the Opak fault makes the Special Region of Yogyakarta and its surroundings prone to earthquakes. The number of earthquakes detected on the fault indicates the fault's activity. Destructive earthquakes triggered by the Opak Fault resulted in fatalities, injuries, infrastructure damage and economic losses. The dense population around the Opak Fault worsen the risk of earthquake impacts. One monumental earthquake was M6,3 on May 25 2006. Apart from having a significant impact, the earthquake also rise to various different views regarding the Opak Fault. Many studies on the Opak Fault have been carried out by previous researchers. However, these studies have not revealed the subsurface conditions and their relationship to current seismicity conditions in detail. The characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of the Opak Fault are the important information needed to understand the current state of the fault and its possible future impacts as a mitigation effort. This research aims to analyze the characteristics, dynamics, and mechanism of the Opak Fault system by combining geological and geophysical methods comprehensively, including through field investigations, earthquake detection using the new coherence method applied at the research site, localization and relocation of earthquake parameters using new data, namely earthquake data in 2006 and 2009-2021 that have not been used by previous researchers, modeling the earthquake source mechanism, modeling Coulomb stress changes, and detailed subsurface structure modeling using ambient noise tomography from a temporary network acquisition of 90 stations. The results of the reanalysis of the 2006 M6.3 Yogyakarta earthquake showed that the hypocenter of the earthquake was at a depth of 12.5 km and the earthquake activity was suspected to have occurred on a part of the hidden Opak Fault system (blind fault) at a depth of 6 km - 14 km oriented N43oE with a length of 23 km in accordance with the nodal 2 focal mechanism of the 2006 main earthquake which, when transmitted to the surface, was exactly at the morphological contrast due to the Opak Fault. The suspicion that the 2006 earthquake was strong is reinforced by the results of field investigations that did not find faults cutting Quaternary-aged rocks.
The hypocenters of earthquakes occurring in the period 2009 - 2021 around the Opak Fault based on ambient noise tomography modeling are generally in the shear wave velocity (vs) contrast zone, distributed in the zone of positive Coulomb stress change from the 2006 Mw6.3 earthquake. This indicates that the earthquakes are still under the pressure influence of the 2006 M6.3 earthquake, which is supported by the low b value. The mechanism of movement of the Opak Fault system is oblique strike slip with an upward component and if the slope of the nodal plane is continued to the surface, it is more or less in morphological contrasts and if pulled downward, it will meet at the same depth, while to the southeast there are two parallel faults with a downward mechanism. Based on the results of this study, there are two fault systems at the study site, namely compressive and extension faults, where the compressive fault is located in the western part called the Opak Fault system while the extension fault in the east is called another fault system. The cumulative moment of release for the 2009-2021 earthquakes is not yet significant at Mw4.8, when compared to the moment of release for the 2006 earthquake. The 2006 Mw6.3 earthquake is thought to have provided additional stress that resulted in the 2009-2021 micro-earthquakes. This needs to be considered in preparedness for the potential release of energy that is being accumulated as the next significant earthquake.
Kata Kunci : Opak Fault system, blind fault, earthquake detection, earthquake relocation, earthquake mechanism, earthquake mechanisms, Coulomb stress change, ambient noise tomography