Komunitas Arthropoda Tanah Dalam Sistem Wana Kopi di Hutan Lindung Petungkriyono, Pekalongan Jawa Tengah

Rina Fiji Lestari, Drs. Hari Purwanto, M.P., Ph.D.

2024 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Hutan Lindung Petungkriyono merupakan salah satu kawasan yang menerapkan sistem wanatani berbasis kopi. Dalam kawasan ini terdapat setidaknya tiga tipe naungan pada sistem wana kopi yaitu naungan hutan alam, naungan hutan pinus dan tanpa naungan. Perbedaan tipe naungan dapat mempengaruhi struktur tanah dan fauna tanah. Oleh karenanya, perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang struktur komunitas arthropoda tanah untuk mengetahui karakteristik habitat yang sesuai dengan arthropoda tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini 1) Menganalisis karakteristik vegetasi dan iklim mikro dalam tiga tipe sistem wana kopi, 2) Menganalisis karakteristik tanah di bawah tanaman kopi dan 3) Menganalisis struktur komunitas arthropoda tanah dalam tiga sistem wana kopi. Koleksi arthropoda tanah telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli-September 2023 di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Petungkriyono, Jawa Tengah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada sistem wana kopi yaitu paduan antara kopi dengan hutan alam, kopi dengan hutan pinus dan kopi tanpa naungan. Masing-masing sistem wana kopi terdapat tiga perwakilan lokasi, sehingga terdapat 9 plot. Koleksi arthropoda tanah dilakukan secara pasif menggunakan pitfalltrap dengan plot berukuran 20 m x 20 m. Setiap plot dipasangi 25 pitfalltrap yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali, sehingga terdapat 675 sampel arthropoda tanah. Waktu pemasangan dilakukan pada pagi hari yaitu pukul 07.00 WIB dan dipanen setelah 72 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada karakteristik vegetasi dalam tiga sistem wana kopi berbeda. Kopi dengan naungan hutan alam memiliki tutupan kanopi tertinggi dengan persentase 80.2% sehingga mengahasilkan suhu yang lebih rendah sekitar 0,1-3,90C dan menaikkan kelembapan sekitar 3,63-12,7%. Karakteristik fisiko-kimia tanag berbeda dalam tiga sistem wana kopi yaitu Kalium (K) total tertinggi pada naungan pinus, sementara berat jenis tanah dan porositas tertinggi pada naungan hutan. Dari ketiga parameter tersebut, hanya porositas tanah yang berkorelasi positif dengan kemelimpahan arthropoda tanah. Sistem wana kopi di Hutan Lindung Petungkriyono memiliki arthropoda tanah yang beragam. Telah ditemukan sekitar 13 ordo. 40 famili dan 87 spesies. Kemelimpahan dan keanekaragaman tertinggi terdapat pada kopi dengan naungan hutan alam yaitu 43?ri total individu dan 88?ri total spesies. Karakteristik habitat yang paling berkorelasi positif dengan kemelimpahan dan keanekaragaman arthropoda tanah adalah suhu udara, kelembapan udara dan porositas tanah.

Petungkriyono Protected Forest is one of the areas that adopted a coffee agroforestry system. In this area, there are at least three types of shade in coffee planting: forest shade, pine shade and open shade. The different types of shade can affect soil structure and soil arthropods. Therefore, it is necessary to research the soil arthropod community to determine the characteristics of suitable habitats for soil arthropods. The aim of this study is (1) to analyse vegetation and microclimate characteristics in three types of coffee agroforestry systems, (2) to analyze soil characteristics under coffee plants, and (3) to analyze the structure of soil arthropod communities in coffee agroforestry systems. Soil arthropod collection was conducted in July-September 2023 in Petungkriyono Protected Forest Area, Pekalongan Central Java. Sampling was carried out in the coffee agroforestry system, namely a combination of coffee with natural forest protective shade, coffee with pine forest protective shade and coffee without protective shade. Each coffee shade system had three representative locations, resulting in 9 in total. The collection of soil arthropods was conducted using a pitfall trap set within a 20 m x 20 m plot size. Each plot was fitted with 25 pitfall traps repeated 3 times, resulting in 675 soil arthropod samples. The installation time was done in the morning at 07.00 WIB and taken out after 72 hours. The results showed that the vegetation characteristics in the three types of coffee agroforestry systems were different. Coffee with natural forest has the highest canopy coverage with a percentage of 80.2%, resulting in lower temperatures of about 0.1-3.90C and increased humidity of about 3.63-12.7%. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil differed in coffee agroforestry systems: total potassium (K) was highest in the pine shade, while particle density of soil and porosity were highest in the forest shade. Of the three parameters, only soil porosity was positively correlated with soil arthropod abundance. The coffee agroforestry system in the Petungkriyono Protected Forest has diverse soil arthropods. About 13 orders have been found, 40 families and 87 species. The highest abundance and diversity were found in coffee with natural forest protective shade, accounting for 43% of individuals and 88% of species. The most positively correlated habitat characteristics with soil arthropod abundance and diversity were air temperature, humidity, and soil porosity.

Kata Kunci : Arthropoda tanah, Hutan Lindung Petungkriyono, Keanekaragaman, Kemelimpahan dan Sistem wana kopi